index : openssl	OpenSSL-engine-0_9_6-stable OpenSSL-fips-0_9_7-stable OpenSSL-fips-0_9_8-stable OpenSSL-fips-1_2-stable OpenSSL-fips-2_0-dev OpenSSL-fips-2_0-stable OpenSSL-fips2-0_9_7-stable OpenSSL_0_9_6-stable OpenSSL_0_9_7-stable OpenSSL_0_9_8-stable OpenSSL_0_9_8fg-stable OpenSSL_1_0_0-stable OpenSSL_1_0_1-stable OpenSSL_1_0_2-stable OpenSSL_1_1_0-stable OpenSSL_1_1_1-stable SSLeay feature/dtls-1.3 feature/ech feature/quic-server master openssl-3.0 openssl-3.1 openssl-3.2 openssl-3.3 tls1.3-draft-18 tls1.3-draft-19
	Mirror of https://github.com/openssl/openssl	matthias

summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats

log msg author committer range

path: root/crypto/txt_db/.cvsignore

Age	Commit message (Expand)	Author
2005-04-11	Add emacs cache files to .cvsignore.	Richard Levitte
1999-04-29	Ignore Makefile.save	Ulf Möller
1998-12-22	Various cleanups and fixed by Marc and Ralf to start the OpenTLS project	Ralf S. Engelschall

generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2024-07-06 00:04:59 +0000

*vim9class.txt*	For Vim version 9.1.  Last change: 2024 Jan 12


		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL	  by Bram Moolenaar


Vim9 classes, objects, interfaces, types and enums.		*vim9-class*

1.  Overview			|Vim9-class-overview|
2.  A simple class		|Vim9-simple-class|
3.  Class variables and methods	|Vim9-class-member|
4.  Using an abstract class	|Vim9-abstract-class|
5.  Using an interface		|Vim9-using-interface|
6.  More class details		|Vim9-class|
7.  Type definition		|Vim9-type|
8.  Enum			|Vim9-enum|

9.  Rationale
10. To be done later

==============================================================================

1. Overview					*Vim9-class-overview*

The fancy term is "object-oriented programming".  You can find lots of study
material on this subject.  Here we document what |Vim9| script provides,
assuming you know the basics already.  Added are helpful hints about how to
use this functionality effectively.  Vim9 classes and objects cannot be used
in legacy Vim scripts and legacy functions.

The basic item is an object:
- An object stores state.  It contains one or more variables that can each
  have a value.
- An object provides functions that use and manipulate its state.  These
  functions are invoked "on the object", which is what sets it apart from the
  traditional separation of data and code that manipulates the data.
- An object has a well defined interface, with typed member variables and
  methods.
- Objects are created from a class and all objects have the same interface.
  This does not change at runtime, it is not dynamic.

An object can only be created by a class.  A class provides:
- A new() method, the constructor, which returns an object for the class.
  This method is invoked on the class name: MyClass.new().
- State shared by all objects of the class: class variables (class members).
- A hierarchy of classes, with super-classes and sub-classes, inheritance.

An interface is used to specify properties of an object:
- An object can declare several interfaces that it implements.
- Different objects implementing the same interface can be used the same way.

The class hierarchy allows for single inheritance.  Otherwise interfaces are
to be used where needed.


Class modeling ~

You can model classes any way you like.  Keep in mind what you are building,
don't try to model the real world.  This can be confusing, especially because
teachers use real-world objects to explain class relations and you might think
your model should therefore reflect the real world.  It doesn't!  The model
should match your purpose.

Keep in mind that composition (an object contains other objects) is often
better than inheritance (an object extends another object).  Don't waste time
trying to find the optimal class model.  Or waste time discussing whether a
square is a rectangle or that a rectangle is a square.  It doesn't matter.


==============================================================================

2.  A simple class				*Vim9-simple-class*

Let's start with a simple example: a class that stores a text position (see
below for how to do this more efficiently): >

	class TextPosition
	   var lnum: number
	   var col: number

	   def new(lnum: number, col: number)
	      this.lnum = lnum
	      this.col = col
	   enddef

	   def SetLnum(lnum: number)
	      this.lnum = lnum
	   enddef

	   def SetCol(col: number)
	      this.col = col
	   enddef

	   def SetPosition(lnum: number, col: number)
	      this.lnum = lnum
	      this.col = col
	   enddef
	 endclass
<							*object* *Object*
You can create an object from this class with the new() method: >

	var pos = TextPosition.new(1, 1)
<
The object variables "lnum" and "col" can be accessed directly: >

	echo $'The text position is ({pos.lnum}, {pos.col})'
<						    *E1317* *E1327* *:this*
If you have been using other object-oriented languages you will notice that in
Vim, within a class definition, the declared object members are consistently
referred to with the "this." prefix.  This is different from languages like
Java and TypeScript.  The naming convention makes the object members easy to
spot.  Also, when a variable does not have the "this." prefix you know it is
not an object variable.
								*E1411*
From outside the class definition, access an object's methods and variables by
using the object name followed by a dot following by the member: >

	pos.lnum
	pos.SetCol(10)
<
							*E1405* *E1406*
A class name cannot be used as an expression.  A class name cannot be used in
the left-hand-side of an assignment.


Object variable write access ~
						    *read-only-variable*
Now try to change an object variable directly: >

	pos.lnum = 9
<							*E1335*
This will give you an error!  That is because by default object variables can
be read but not set.  That's why the TextPosition class provides a method for
it: >

	pos.SetLnum(9)

Allowing to read but not set an object variable is the most common and safest
way.  Most often there is no problem using a value, while setting a value may
have side effects that need to be taken care of.  In this case, the SetLnum()
method could check if the line number is valid and either give an error or use
the closest valid value.
					*:public* *public-variable* *E1331*
If you don't care about side effects and want to allow the object variable to
be changed at any time, you can make it public: >

	public var lnum: number
	public var col: number

Now you don't need the SetLnum(), SetCol() and SetPosition() methods, setting
"pos.lnum" directly above will no longer give an error.
							*E1326*
If you try to set an object variable that doesn't exist you get an error: >
	pos.other = 9
<	E1326: Member not found on object "TextPosition": other ~

							*E1376*
A object variable cannot be accessed using the class name.

Protected variables ~
					*protected-variable* *E1332* *E1333*
On the other hand, if you do not want the object variables to be read directly
from outside the class or its sub-classes, you can make them protected.  This
is done by prefixing an underscore to the name: >

	var _lnum: number
	var _col: number

Now you need to provide methods to get the value of the protected variables.
These are commonly called getters.  We recommend using a name that starts with
"Get": >

	def GetLnum(): number
	   return this._lnum
	enddef

	def GetCol(): number
	   return this._col
	enddef

This example isn't very useful, the variables might as well have been public.
It does become useful if you check the value.  For example, restrict the line
number to the total number of lines: >

	def GetLnum(): number
	   if this._lnum > this._lineCount
	      return this._lineCount
	   endif
	   return this._lnum
	enddef
<
Protected methods ~
						*protected-method* *E1366*
If you want object methods to be accessible only from other methods of the
same class and not used from outside the class, then you can make them
protected.  This is done by prefixing the method name with an underscore: >

    class SomeClass
	def _Foo(): number
	  return 10
	enddef
	def Bar(): number
	  return this._Foo()
	enddef
    endclass
<
Accessing a protected method outside the class will result in an error (using
the above class): >

    var a = SomeClass.new()
    a._Foo()
<
Simplifying the new() method ~
						*new()* *constructor*
See also |default-constructor| and |multiple-constructors|.

Many constructors take values for the object variables.  Thus you very often
see this pattern: >

	 class SomeClass
	   var lnum: number
	   var col: number

	   def new(lnum: number, col: number)
	      this.lnum = lnum
	      this.col = col
	   enddef
	 endclass
<
							*E1390*
Not only is this text you need to write, it also has the type of each
variable twice.  Since this is so common a shorter way to write new() is
provided: >

	   def new(this.lnum, this.col)
	   enddef

The semantics are easy to understand: Providing the object variable name,
including "this.", as the argument to new() means the value provided in the
new() call is assigned to that object variable.  This mechanism comes from the
Dart language.

Putting together this way of using new() and making the variables public
results in a much shorter class definition than what we started with: >

	class TextPosition
	   public var lnum: number
	   public var col: number

	   def new(this.lnum, this.col)
	   enddef

	   def SetPosition(lnum: number, col: number)
	      this.lnum = lnum
	      this.col = col
	   enddef
	 endclass

The sequence of constructing a new object is:
1. Memory is allocated and cleared.  All values are zero/false/empty.
2. For each declared object variable that has an initializer, the expression
   is evaluated and assigned to the variable.  This happens in the sequence
   the variables are declared in the class.
3. Arguments in the new() method in the "this.name" form are assigned.
4. The body of the new() method is executed.

If the class extends a parent class, the same thing happens.  In the second
step the object variables of the parent class are initialized first.  There is
no need to call "super()" or "new()" on the parent.

							*E1365*
When defining the new() method the return type should not be specified.  It
always returns an object of the class.

							*E1386*
When invoking an object method, the method name should be preceded by the
object variable name.  An object method cannot be invoked using the class
name.

==============================================================================

3.  Class Variables and Methods			*Vim9-class-member*

					    *:static* *E1337* *E1338* *E1368*
Class members are declared with "static".  They are used by the name without a
prefix in the class where they are defined: >

	class OtherThing
	   var size: number
	   static var totalSize: number

	   def new(this.size)
	      totalSize += this.size
	   enddef
	endclass
<							*E1340* *E1341*
Since the name is used as-is, shadowing the name by a method argument name
or local variable name is not allowed.

					    *E1374* *E1375* *E1384* *E1385*
To access a class member outside of the class where it is defined, the class
name prefix must be used.  A class member cannot be accessed using an object.

Just like object members the access can be made protected by using an
underscore as the first character in the name, and it can be made public by
prefixing "public": >

    class OtherThing
	static var total: number	  # anybody can read, only class can write
	static var _sum: number	          # only class can read and write
	public static var result: number  # anybody can read and write
    endclass
<
							*class-method*
Class methods are also declared with "static".  They can use the class
variables but they have no access to the object variables, they cannot use the
"this" keyword:
>
	class OtherThing
	   var size: number
	   static var totalSize: number

	   # Clear the total size and return the value it had before.
	   static def ClearTotalSize(): number
	      var prev = totalSize
	      totalSize = 0
	      return prev
	   enddef
	endclass

Inside the class the class method can be called by name directly, outside the
class the class name must be prefixed: `OtherThing.ClearTotalSize()`.  To use
a class method from a parent class in a child class, the class name must be
prefixed.

Just like object methods the access can be made protected by using an
underscore as the first character in the method name: >

    class OtherThing
	static def _Foo()
	    echo "Foo"
	enddef
	def Bar()
	    _Foo()
	enddef
    endclass
<
							*E1370*
Note that constructors cannot be declared as "static". They are called like a
static but execute as an object method; they have access to "this".

To access the class methods and class variables of a super class in an
extended class, the class name prefix should be used just as from anywhere
outside of the defining class: >

    vim9script
    class Vehicle
	static var nextID: number = 1000
	static def GetID(): number
	    nextID += 1
	    return nextID
	enddef
    endclass
    class Car extends Vehicle
	var myID: number
	def new()
	    this.myID = Vehicle.GetID()
	enddef
    endclass
<
Class variables and methods are not inherited by a child class.  A child class
can declare a static variable or a method with the same name as the one in the
super class.  Depending on the class where the member is used the
corresponding class member will be used.  The type of the class member in a
child class can be different from that in the super class.

The double underscore (__) prefix for a class or object method name is
reserved for future use.

					*object-final-variable* *E1409*
The |:final| keyword can be used to make a class or object variable a
constant.  Examples: >

    class A
	final v1 = [1, 2]		# final object variable
	public final v2 = {x: 1}	# final object variable
	static final v3 = 'abc'		# final class variable
	public static final v4 = 0z10	# final class variable
    endclass
<
A final variable can be changed only from a constructor function.  Example: >

    class A
	final v1: list<number>
	def new()
	    this.v1 = [1, 2]
	enddef
    endclass
    var a = A.new()
    echo a.v1
<
Note that the value of a final variable can be changed.  Example: >

    class A
	public final v1 = [1, 2]
    endclass
    var a = A.new()
    a.v1[0] = 6			# OK
    a.v1->add(3)		# OK
    a.v1 = [3, 4]		# Error
<
							*E1408*
Final variables are not supported in an interface.  A class or object method
cannot be final.

					*object-const-variable*
The |:const| keyword can be used to make a class or object variable and the
value a constant.  Examples: >

    class A
	const v1 = [1, 2]		# const object variable
	public const v2 = {x: 1}	# const object variable
	static const v3 = 'abc'		# const class variable
	public static const v4 = 0z10	# const class variable
    endclass
<
A const variable can be changed only from a constructor function. Example: >

    class A
	const v1: list<number>
	def new()
	    this.v1 = [1, 2]
	enddef
    endclass
    var a = A.new()
    echo a.v1
<
A const variable and its value cannot be changed.  Example: >

    class A
	public const v1 = [1, 2]
    endclass
    var a = A.new()
    a.v1[0] = 6			# Error
    a.v1->add(3)		# Error
    a.v1 = [3, 4]		# Error
<
							 *E1410*
Const variables are not supported in an interface.  A class or object method
cannot be a const.

==============================================================================

4.  Using an abstract class			*Vim9-abstract-class*

An abstract class forms the base for at least one sub-class.  In the class
model one often finds that a few classes have the same properties that can be
shared, but a class with these properties does not have enough state to create
an object from.  A sub-class must extend the abstract class and add the
missing state and/or methods before it can be used to create objects for.

For example, a Shape class could store a color and thickness.  You cannot
create a Shape object, it is missing the information about what kind of shape
it is.  The Shape class functions as the base for a Square and a Triangle
class, for which objects can be created.  Example: >

	abstract class Shape
	   var color = Color.Black
	   var thickness = 10
	endclass

	class Square extends Shape
	   var size: number

	   def new(this.size)
	   enddef
	endclass

	class Triangle extends Shape
	   var base: number
	   var height: number

	   def new(this.base, this.height)
	   enddef
	endclass
<
An abstract class is defined the same way as a normal class, except that it
does not have any new() method. *E1359*

					    *abstract-method* *E1371* *E1372*
An abstract method can be defined in an abstract class by using the "abstract"
prefix when defining the method: >

	abstract class Shape
	   abstract def Draw()
	endclass
<
A static method in an abstract class cannot be an abstract method.

						*E1373*
A non-abstract class extending the abstract class