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diff --git a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/1.html b/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/1.html deleted file mode 100644 index 45cf907bc..000000000 --- a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/1.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,56 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html> -<head> - <title>Main Page - Huaxia Taiji Club</title> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> - <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen, projection" href="/screen.css" /> - <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/print.css" /> -</head> -<body> - -<div id="translation"><a href="/ch/Main_Page">中文</a></div> - -<div id="heading"><a href="/en/Main_Page" title="English Main Page">Huaxia Taiji Club</a> - <a class="heading_ch" href="/ch/Main_Page" title="中文主页">华夏太极俱乐部</a></div> -<ul id="menu"> - <li><a href="/en/Main_Page" class="active">Main Page</a></li><li><a href="/en/About">About</a></li><li><a href="/en/News">News</a></li><li><a href="/en/Events">Events</a></li><li><a href="/en/Digest">Digest</a></li><li><a href="/en/Taiji_and_I">Taiji and I</a></li><li><a href="/en/Downloads">Downloads</a></li><li><a href="/en/Registration">Registration</a></li><li><a href="/en/Contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/gallery2/main.php">Gallery</a></li> - - <li><a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/forums/index.php">Forums</a></li> - -</ul> -<div id="content"> -<h1 id="title">Main Page</h1><h2>Taiji (Tai Chi) </h2> - -<div id="sidebar"> -<h3>Recent News</h3> -<ul> - <li>Zou Xiaojun was elected as the new club vice president </li> - - <li>HX Edison Taiji Club <a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/downloads/Taiji_club_regulation_.pdf">by-law</a> effective 3/28/2006</li> - <li>A new email account for our club: HXEdisontaijiclub@yahoo.com</li> - - <li>Workshop conducted by <a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/ch/Digest/LiDeyin">?????</a> Li Deyin is set on June 4, 2006 at Clarion Hotel in Edison from 9:30am-12pm; <a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/en/Registration">Registration</a></li> - -</ul> -</div> - - - -<p><i>Taiji</i> is an ancient Chinese tradition of movement systems that is associated with philosophy, physiology, psychology, geometry and dynamics. It is the slowest form of martial arts and is meant to improve the internal spirit. It is soothing to the soul and extremely invigorating. </p> - -<p>The founder of Taiji was Zhang Sanfeng (Chang San-feng), who was a monk of the Wu Dang (Wu Tang) Monastery and lived in the period from 1391 to 1459. His exercises stressed suppleness and elasticity as opposed to the hardness and force of other martial art styles. Several centuries old, Taiji was originally developed as a form of self-defense, emphasizing strength, balance, flexibility and speed. Tai Chi also differs from other martial arts in that it is based on the Taoist religion and aims to avoid aggressive forces. </p> - -<p>Modern Taiji includes many forms — Quan, Sword and Fan. Impacting the mind and body of the practitioners, Taiji is practiced as a meditative exercise made up of a series of forms, or choreographed motions, requiring slow, gentle movement of the arms, legs and torso. Taiji practitioners learn to center their attention on their breathing and body movements so that the exercise strengthens their overall mental and physical awareness. In a sense, Taiji is similar to yoga in that it is also a form of moving meditation, with the goal of achieving stillness through the motion and awareness of breath. To perform Taiji, practitioners have to empty their mind of thoughts and worries in order to achieve harmony. It is a great aid for reducing stress and improving the quality of life. </p> - -<p>In China and in communities all over the world, Taiji is practiced by young and old in the early morning hours. It's a great way to bring a new and fresh day!</p> - -<p>Check out our <a href="/gallery2/main.php">gallery</a>.</p> - -<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.taijiclub.org/gallery2/v/2006/group1b.jpg.html?g2_imageViewsIndex=1"><img src="/gallery2/d/1836-2/group1b.jpg" /></a></div> - -<div style="text-align:center;">Click on photo to see HR version</div></div> -</body> -</html> - -<!-- vim: et sw=4 sts=4 ---> diff --git a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/2.html b/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/2.html deleted file mode 100644 index a56445763..000000000 --- a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Google</title><style><!-- -body,td,a,p,.h{font-family:arial,sans-serif;} -.h{font-size: 20px;} -.q{color:#0000cc;} -//--> -</style> -<script> -<!-- -function sf(){document.f.q.focus();} -function rwt(el,ct,cd,sg){var e = window.encodeURIComponent ? encodeURIComponent : escape;el.href="/url?sa=t&ct="+e(ct)+"&cd="+e(cd)+"&url="+e(el.href).replace(/\+/g,"%2B")+"&ei=fHNBRJDEG4HSaLONmIoP"+sg;el.onmousedown="";return true;} -// --> -</script> -</head><body bgcolor=#ffffff text=#000000 link=#0000cc vlink=#551a8b alink=#ff0000 onLoad=sf() topmargin=3 marginheight=3><center><table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100%><tr><td align=right nowrap><font size=-1><b>edwardzyang@gmail.com</b> | <a href="/url?sa=p&pref=ig&pval=2&q=http://www.google.com/ig%3Fhl%3Den" onmousedown="return rwt(this,'pro','hppphou:def','&sig2=hDbTpsWIp9YG37a23n6krQ')">Personalized Home</a> | <a href="/searchhistory/?hl=en">Search History</a> | <a href="https://www.google.com/accounts/ManageAccount">My Account</a> | <a href="http://www.google.com/accounts/Logout?continue=http://www.google.com/">Sign out</a></font></td></tr><tr height=4><td><img alt="" width=1 height=1></td></tr></table><img src="/intl/en/images/logo.gif" width=276 height=110 alt="Google"><br><br> -<form action=/search name=f><script><!-- -function qs(el) {if (window.RegExp && window.encodeURIComponent) {var ue=el.href;var qe=encodeURIComponent(document.f.q.value);if(ue.indexOf("q=")!=-1){el.href=ue.replace(new RegExp("q=[^&$]*"),"q="+qe);}else{el.href=ue+"&q="+qe;}}return 1;} -// --> -</script><table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4><tr><td nowrap><font size=-1><b>Web</b> <a id=1a class=q href="/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi" onClick="return qs(this);">Images</a> <a id=2a class=q href="http://groups.google.com/grphp?hl=en&tab=wg" onClick="return qs(this);">Groups</a> <a id=4a class=q href="http://news.google.com/nwshp?hl=en&tab=wn" onClick="return qs(this);">News</a> <a id=5a class=q href="http://froogle.google.com/frghp?hl=en&tab=wf" onClick="return qs(this);">Froogle</a> <a id=8a class=q href="/lochp?hl=en&tab=wl" onClick="return qs(this);">Local</a> <b><a href="/intl/en/options/" class=q>more »</a></b></font></td></tr></table><table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td width=25%> </td><td align=center><input type=hidden name=hl value=en><input maxlength=2048 size=55 name=q value="" title="Google Search"><br><input type=submit value="Google Search" name=btnG><input type=submit value="I'm Feeling Lucky" name=btnI></td><td valign=top nowrap width=25%><font size=-2> <a href=/advanced_search?hl=en>Advanced Search</a><br> <a href=/preferences?hl=en>Preferences</a><br> <a href=/language_tools?hl=en>Language Tools</a></font></td></tr></table></form><br><br><font size=-1><a href="/ads/">Advertising Programs</a> - <a href=/services/>Business Solutions</a> - <a href=/about.html>About Google</a></font><p><font size=-2>©2006 Google</font></p></center></body></html> - -<!-- vim: et sw=4 sts=4 ---> diff --git a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/3.html b/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/3.html deleted file mode 100644 index 9e9f1a361..000000000 --- a/vendor/ezyang/htmlpurifier/benchmarks/samples/Lexer/3.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -<html> -<head> -<title>Anime Digi-Lib Index</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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-@import "/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css&smaxage=2678400"; -@import "/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&gen=css&maxage=2678400&ts=20060721225848"; -@import "/w/index.php?title=User:Edward_Z._Yang/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; -/*]]>*/</style> - <script type="text/javascript" src="/w/index.php?title=User:Edward_Z._Yang/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script> - <!-- Head Scripts --> - </head> -<body class="ns-0 ltr"> - <div id="globalWrapper"> - <div id="column-content"> - <div id="content"> - - <a name="top" id="top"></a> - <div id="siteNotice"><div id="wikimania2006" style="text-align:right; font-size:80%"><a href="http://wm06reg.wikimedia.org/" class="external text" title="http://wm06reg.wikimedia.org/">Registration</a> for <a href="http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org" class="external text" title="http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org">Wikimania 2006</a> is open. </div> -</div> <h1 class="firstHeading">Tai Chi Chuan</h1> - <div id="bodyContent"> - <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> - - <div id="contentSub"></div> - <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> - <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right"> -<tr> -<th colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"><big>???</big></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="thumb tnone"> -<div style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/Image:Yang_Ch%27eng-fu_circa_1918.jpg" class="internal" title="Yang Chengfu in a posture from the Tai Chi solo form known as Single Whip, circa 1918"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Yang_Ch%27eng-fu_circa_1918.jpg/180px-Yang_Ch%27eng-fu_circa_1918.jpg" alt="Yang Chengfu in a posture from the Tai Chi solo form known as Single Whip, circa 1918" width="180" height="255" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Yang_Ch%27eng-fu_circa_1918.jpg" /></a> -<div class="thumbcaption"> -<div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/wiki/Image:Yang_Ch%27eng-fu_circa_1918.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="Enlarge" /></a></div> -<b><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengfu" title="Yang Chengfu">Yang Chengfu</a> in a posture from the Tai Chi solo form known as <i>Single Whip</i>, circa <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a></b></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> Name</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></td> -<td>Tàijíquán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a></td> -<td>T'ai<sup>4</sup> Chi<sup>2</sup> Ch'üan<sup>2</sup></td> - -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a></td> -<td>???</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a></td> -<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:?">?</a><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:?">?</a><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:?">?</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_%28linguistics%29" title="Cantonese (linguistics)">Cantonese</a></td> - -<td>taai3 gik6 kyun4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Japanese Hiragana</a></td> -<td>???????</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Korean_%28language%29" title="Korean (language)">Korean</a></td> -<td>???</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%28language%29" title="Vietnamese (language)">Vietnamese</a></td> - -<td>Thái C?c Quy?n</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><b>Tai Chi Chuan</b>, <b>T'ai Chi Ch'üan</b> or <b>Taijiquan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" title="Traditional Chinese character">Traditional Chinese</a>: ???; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_character" title="Simplified Chinese character">Simplified Chinese</a>: ???; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tàijíquán; literally "supreme ultimate fist"), commonly known as <b>Tai Chi</b>, <b>T'ai Chi</b>, or <b><a href="/wiki/Taiji" title="Taiji">Taiji</a></b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">internal</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial art</a>. There are different styles of T'ai Chi Ch'üan, although most agree they are all based on the system originally taught by the <a href="/wiki/Chen" title="Chen">Chen</a> family to the <a href="/wiki/Yang" title="Yang">Yang</a> family starting in <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>. It is often promoted and practiced as a <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_therapy" title="Martial arts therapy">martial arts therapy</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>, (some <a href="/wiki/Tai_Chi_Chuan#Citations_to_medical_research" title="Tai Chi Chuan">recent medical studies</a> support its effectiveness). T'ai Chi Ch'üan is considered a <i>soft</i> style martial art, an art applied with as complete a relaxation or "softness" in the musculature as possible, to distinguish its theory and application from that of the <i>hard</i> martial art styles which use a degree of tension in the muscles.</p> - -<p>Variations of T'ai Chi Ch'üan's basic training forms are well known as the slow motion routines that groups of people practice every morning in parks across China and other parts of the world. Traditional T'ai Chi training is intended to teach awareness of one's own balance and what affects it, awareness of the same in others, an appreciation of the practical value in one's ability to moderate extremes of behavior and attitude at both mental and physical levels, and how this applies to effective self-defense principles.</p> -<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> -<tr> -<td> -<div id="toctitle"> -<h2>Contents</h2> -</div> -<ul> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Training_and_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Training and techniques</span></a></li> - -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Styles_and_history"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Styles and history</span></a> -<ul> -<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Family_tree"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Family tree</span></a></li> -<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Notes_to_Family_tree_table"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes to Family tree table</span></a></li> -</ul> -</li> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Modern_T.27ai_Chi"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern T'ai Chi</span></a> - -<ul> -<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Modern_forms"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Modern forms</span></a></li> -</ul> -</li> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Health_benefits"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Health benefits</span></a> -<ul> -<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Citations_to_medical_research"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations to medical research</span></a></li> -</ul> - -</li> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> -<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> -</ul> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><script type="text/javascript"> -//<![CDATA[ - if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } -//]]> -</script></p> -<div class="editsection" style="float:right;margin-left:5px;">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Chi_Chuan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> - -<p><a name="Overview" id="Overview"></a></p> -<h2>Overview</h2> -<p>Historically, T'ai Chi Ch'üan has been regarded as a martial art, and its traditional practitioners still teach it as one. Even so, it has developed a worldwide following among many thousands of people with little or no interest in martial training for its aforementioned benefits to health and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" title="Preventive medicine">health maintenance</a>. Some call it a form of moving <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, and T'ai Chi theory and practice evolved in agreement with many of the principles of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. Besides general health benefits and <a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">stress management</a> attributed to beginning and intermediate level T'ai Chi training, many therapeutic interventions along the lines of traditional Chinese medicine are taught to advanced T'ai Chi students.</p> -<p>T'ai Chi Ch'üan as physical training is characterized by its requirement for the use of leverage through the joints based on coordination in relaxation rather than muscular tension in order to neutralize or initiate physical attacks. The slow, repetitive work involved in that process is said to gently increase and open the internal circulation (<a href="/wiki/Breath" title="Breath">breath</a>, body heat, <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>, etc.). Over time, proponents say, this enhancement becomes a lasting effect, a direct reversal of the constricting physical effects of stress on the human body. This reversal allows much more of the students' native energy to be available to them, which they may then apply more effectively to the rest of their lives; families, careers, spiritual or creative pursuits, hobbies, etc.</p> - -<p>The study of T'ai Chi Ch'üan involves three primary subjects:</p> -<ul> -<li><b>Health</b> - an unhealthy or otherwise uncomfortable person will find it difficult to meditate to a state of calmness or to use T'ai Chi as a martial art. T'ai Chi's health training therefore concentrates on relieving the physical effects of stress on the body and mind.</li> -<li><b>Meditation</b> - the focus meditation and subsequent calmness cultivated by the meditative aspect of T'ai Chi is seen as necessary to maintain optimum health (in the sense of effectively maintaining stress relief or <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>) and in order to use it as a soft style martial art.</li> -<li><b>Martial art</b> - the ability to competently use T'ai Chi as a martial art is said to be proof that the health and meditation aspects are working according to the dictates of the theory of T'ai Chi Ch'üan.</li> - -</ul> -<p>In its traditional form (many modern variations exist which ignore at least one of the above requirements) every aspect of its training has to conform with all three of the aforementioned categories.</p> -<p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_%28linguistics%29" title="Mandarin (linguistics)">Mandarin</a> term "T'ai Chi Ch'üan" translates as "Supreme Ultimate Boxing" or "Boundless Fist". T'ai Chi training involves learning solo routines, known as <i>forms</i>, and two person routines, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">pushing hands</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">acupressure</a></i>-related manipulations taught by traditional schools. T'ai Chi Ch'üan is seen by many of its schools as a variety of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and it does seemingly incorporate many Taoist principles into its practice (see below). It is an art form said to date back many centuries (although not reliably documented under that name before 1850), with precursor disciplines dating back thousands of years. The explanation given by the traditional T'ai Chi family schools for why so many of their previous generations have dedicated their lives to the study and preservation of the art is that the discipline it seems to give its students to dramatically improve the effects of stress in their lives, with a few years of hard work, should hold a useful purpose for people living in a stressful world. They say that once the T'ai Chi principles have been understood and internalized into the bodily framework the practitioner will have an immediately accessible "toolkit" thereby to improve and then maintain their health, to provide a meditative focus, and that can work as an effective and subtle martial art for self-defense.</p> -<p>Teachers say the study of T'ai Chi Ch'üan is, more than anything else, about challenging one's ability to change oneself appropriately in response to outside forces. These principles are taught using the examples of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> as experienced by two (or more) bodies in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>. In order to be able to protect oneself or someone else by using change, it is necessary to understand what the consequences are of changing appropriately, changing inappropriately and not changing at all in response to an attack. Students, by this theory, will appreciate the full benefits of the entire art in the fastest way through physical training of the martial art aspect.</p> - -<p><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chien-ch%27uan" title="Wu Chien-ch'uan">Wu Chien-ch'üan</a>, co-founder of the Wu family style, described the name <i>T'ai Chi Ch'üan</i> this way at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>:</p> -<dl> -<dd>"Various people have offered different explanations for the name <i>T'ai Chi Ch'uan</i>. Some have said: 'In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. <i>T'ai Chi</i> comes about through the balance of <i><a href="/wiki/Yin" title="Yin">yin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yang" title="Yang">yang</a></i>. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">changes</a> of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, not outwardly expressive, as if the <i>yin</i> and <i>yang</i> of <i>T'ai Chi</i> have not yet divided apart.'</dd> - -<dd>Others say: 'Every movement of <i>T'ai Chi Ch'uan</i> is based on circles, just like the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu"><i>T'ai Chi</i> symbol</a>. Therefore, it is called <i>T'ai Chi Ch'uan</i>.' Both explanations are quite reasonable, especially the second, which is more complete."</dd> -</dl> -<div class="editsection" style="float:right;margin-left:5px;">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Chi_Chuan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Training and techniques">edit</a>]</div> -<p><a name="Training_and_techniques" id="Training_and_techniques"></a></p> - -<h2>Training and techniques</h2> -<div class="thumb tright"> -<div style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/Image:Yin_yang.svg" class="internal" title="The T'ai Chi Symbol or T'ai Chi T'u (Taijitu)"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/180px-Yin_yang.svg.png" alt="The T'ai Chi Symbol or T'ai Chi T'u (Taijitu)" width="180" height="180" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Yin_yang.svg" /></a> -<div class="thumbcaption"> -<div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/wiki/Image:Yin_yang.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="Enlarge" /></a></div> -<b>The T'ai Chi Symbol or T'ai Chi T'u (Taijitu)</b></div> -</div> -</div> -<p>As the name <i>T'ai Chi Ch'üan</i> is held to be derived from the T'ai Chi symbol, the <i>taijitu</i> or <i>t'ai chi t'u</i> (???, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> tàijítú), commonly known in the West as the "<a href="/wiki/Yin-yang" title="Yin-yang">yin-yang</a>" diagram, T'ai Chi Ch'üan techniques are said therefore to physically and energetically balance <i>yin</i> (receptive) and <i>yang</i> (active) principles: "From ultimate softness comes ultimate hardness."</p> - -<p>The core training involves two primary features: the first being the solo form or <i>ch'üan</i>, a slow sequence of movements which emphasize a straight spine, relaxed breathing and a natural range of motion; the second being different styles of <i>pushing hands</i> or <i>t'ui shou</i> (??) for training "stickiness" and sensitivity in the reflexes through various motions from the forms in concert with a training partner in order to learn leverage, timing, coordination and positioning when interacting with another. Pushing hands is seen as necessary not only for training the self-defense skills of a soft style such as T'ai Chi by demonstrating the forms' movement principles experientially, but also it is said to improve upon the level of conditioning provided by practice of the solo forms by increasing the workload on students while they practice those movement principles.</p> -<p>The solo form should take the students through a complete, natural, range of motion over their centre of gravity. Accurate, repeated practice of the solo routine is said to retrain posture, encourage circulation throughout the students' bodies, maintain flexibility through their joints and further familiarize students with the martial application sequences implied by the forms. The major traditional styles of T'ai Chi have forms which differ somewhat cosmetically, but there are also many obvious similarities which point to their common origin. The solo forms, empty-hand and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapon</a>, are catalogues of movements that are practised individually in pushing hands and martial application scenarios to prepare students for self-defence training. In most traditional schools different variations of the solo forms can be practiced; fast/slow, small circle/large circle, square/round (which are different expressions of leverage through the joints), low sitting/high sitting (the degree to which weight-bearing knees are kept bent throughout the form), for example.</p> -<p>In a fight, if one uses hardness to resist violent force then both sides are certain to be injured, at least to some degree. Such injury, according to T'ai Chi theory, is a natural consequence of meeting brute force with brute force. The collision of two like forces, yang with yang, is known as "double-weighted" in T'ai Chi terminology. Instead, students are taught not to fight or resist an incoming force, but to meet it in softness and "stick" to it, following its motion while remaining in physical contact until the incoming force of attack exhausts itself or can be safely redirected, the result of meeting yang with yin. Done correctly, achieving this yin/yang or yang/yin balance in combat (and, by extension, other areas of one's life) is known as being "single-weighted" and is a primary goal of T'ai Chi Ch'üan training. <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> for this in the <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> when he wrote, "The soft and the pliable will defeat the hard and strong." This soft "neutralization" of an attack can be accomplished very quickly in an actual fight by an adept practitioner. A T'ai Chi student has to be well conditioned by many years of disciplined training; stable, sensitive and elastic mentally and physically in order to realize this ability, however.</p> - -<p>Other training exercises include:</p> -<ul> -<li>Weapons training and <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> applications employing the straight <i><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a></i> known as the <i>jian</i> or <i>chien</i> or <i>gim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">jiàn</a> ?), a heavier curved <i>sabre</i>, sometimes called a <i>broadsword</i> or <i>tao</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dao_%28saber%29" title="Dao (saber)">dao</a> ?, which is actually considered a big <i><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a></i>), folding <i><a href="/wiki/Tessen" title="Tessen">fan</a></i>, <i>staff</i> (?), 7 foot (2 m) <i><a href="/wiki/Qiang_%28spear%29" title="Qiang (spear)">spear</a></i> and 13 foot (4 m) <i><a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a></i> (both called qiang ?). More exotic weapons still used by some traditional styles are the large <i>Da Dao</i> or <i>Ta Tao</i> (??) sabre, <i><a href="/wiki/Ji_%28halberd%29" title="Ji (halberd)">halberd</a></i> (ji ?), <i>cane</i>, <i>rope-dart</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Three_sectional_staff" title="Three sectional staff">three sectional staff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lasso</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whip</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chain_whip" title="Chain whip">chain whip</a></i> and <i>steel whip</i>.</li> - -<li>Two-person tournament sparring (as part of push hands competitions and/or <i><a href="/wiki/San_shou" title="San shou">san shou</a></i> ??);</li> -<li>Breathing exercises; <i><a href="/wiki/Nei_kung |