Merge branch 'for-linus2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security

Pull security subsystem updates from James Morris:
 "In this patchset, we finally get an SELinux update, with Paul Moore
  taking over as maintainer of that code.

  Also a significant update for the Keys subsystem, as well as
  maintenance updates to Smack, IMA, TPM, and Apparmor"

and since I wanted to know more about the updates to key handling,
here's the explanation from David Howells on that:

 "Okay.  There are a number of separate bits.  I'll go over the big bits
  and the odd important other bit, most of the smaller bits are just
  fixes and cleanups.  If you want the small bits accounting for, I can
  do that too.

   (1) Keyring capacity expansion.

        KEYS: Consolidate the concept of an 'index key' for key access
        KEYS: Introduce a search context structure
        KEYS: Search for auth-key by name rather than target key ID
        Add a generic associative array implementation.
        KEYS: Expand the capacity of a keyring

     Several of the patches are providing an expansion of the capacity of a
     keyring.  Currently, the maximum size of a keyring payload is one page.
     Subtract a small header and then divide up into pointers, that only gives
     you ~500 pointers on an x86_64 box.  However, since the NFS idmapper uses
     a keyring to store ID mapping data, that has proven to be insufficient to
     the cause.

     Whatever data structure I use to handle the keyring payload, it can only
     store pointers to keys, not the keys themselves because several keyrings
     may point to a single key.  This precludes inserting, say, and rb_node
     struct into the key struct for this purpose.

     I could make an rbtree of records such that each record has an rb_node
     and a key pointer, but that would use four words of space per key stored
     in the keyring.  It would, however, be able to use much existing code.

     I selected instead a non-rebalancing radix-tree type approach as that
     could have a better space-used/key-pointer ratio.  I could have used the
     radix tree implementation that we already have and insert keys into it by
     their serial numbers, but that means any sort of search must iterate over
     the whole radix tree.  Further, its nodes are a bit on the capacious side
     for what I want - especially given that key serial numbers are randomly
     allocated, thus leaving a lot of empty space in the tree.

     So what I have is an associative array that internally is a radix-tree
     with 16 pointers per node where the index key is constructed from the key
     type pointer and the key description.  This means that an exact lookup by
     type+description is very fast as this tells us how to navigate directly to
     the target key.

     I made the data structure general in lib/assoc_array.c as far as it is
     concerned, its index key is just a sequence of bits that leads to a
     pointer.  It's possible that someone else will be able to make use of it
     also.  FS-Cache might, for example.

   (2) Mark keys as 'trusted' and keyrings as 'trusted only'.

        KEYS: verify a certificate is signed by a 'trusted' key
        KEYS: Make the system 'trusted' keyring viewable by userspace
        KEYS: Add a 'trusted' flag and a 'trusted only' flag
        KEYS: Separate the kernel signature checking keyring from module signing

     These patches allow keys carrying asymmetric public keys to be marked as
     being 'trusted' and allow keyrings to be marked as only permitting the
     addition or linkage of trusted keys.

     Keys loaded from hardware during kernel boot or compiled into the kernel
     during build are marked as being trusted automatically.  New keys can be
     loaded at runtime with add_key().  They are checked against the system
     keyring contents and if their signatures can be validated with keys that
     are already marked trusted, then they are marked trusted also and can
     thus be added into the master keyring.

     Patches from Mimi Zohar make this usable with the IMA keyrings also.

   (3) Remove the date checks on the key used to validate a module signature.

        X.509: Remove certificate date checks

     It's not reasonable to reject a signature just because the key that it was
     generated with is no longer valid datewise - especially if the kernel
     hasn't yet managed to set the system clock when the first module is
     loaded - so just remove those checks.

   (4) Make it simpler to deal with additional X.509 being loaded into the kernel.

        KEYS: Load *.x509 files into kernel keyring
        KEYS: Have make canonicalise the paths of the X.509 certs better to deduplicate

     The builder of the kernel now just places files with the extension ".x509"
     into the kernel source or build trees and they're concatenated by the
     kernel build and stuffed into the appropriate section.

   (5) Add support for userspace kerberos to use keyrings.

        KEYS: Add per-user_namespace registers for persistent per-UID kerberos caches
        KEYS: Implement a big key type that can save to tmpfs

     Fedora went to, by default, storing kerberos tickets and tokens in tmpfs.
     We looked at storing it in keyrings instead as that confers certain
     advantages such as tickets being automatically deleted after a certain
     amount of time and the ability for the kernel to get at these tokens more
     easily.

     To make this work, two things were needed:

     (a) A way for the tickets to persist beyond the lifetime of all a user's
         sessions so that cron-driven processes can still use them.

         The problem is that a user's session keyrings are deleted when the
         session that spawned them logs out and the user's user keyring is
         deleted when the UID is deleted (typically when the last log out
         happens), so neither of these places is suitable.

         I've added a system keyring into which a 'persistent' keyring is
         created for each UID on request.  Each time a user requests their
         persistent keyring, the expiry time on it is set anew.  If the user
         doesn't ask for it for, say, three days, the keyring is automatically
         expired and garbage collected using the existing gc.  All the kerberos
         tokens it held are then also gc'd.

     (b) A key type that can hold really big tickets (up to 1MB in size).

         The problem is that Active Directory can return huge tickets with lots
         of auxiliary data attached.  We don't, however, want to eat up huge
         tracts of unswappable kernel space for this, so if the ticket is
         greater than a certain size, we create a swappable shmem file and dump
         the contents in there and just live with the fact we then have an
         inode and a dentry overhead.  If the ticket is smaller than that, we
         slap it in a kmalloc()'d buffer"

* 'for-linus2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: (121 commits)
  KEYS: Fix keyring content gc scanner
  KEYS: Fix error handling in big_key instantiation
  KEYS: Fix UID check in keyctl_get_persistent()
  KEYS: The RSA public key algorithm needs to select MPILIB
  ima: define '_ima' as a builtin 'trusted' keyring
  ima: extend the measurement list to include the file signature
  kernel/system_certificate.S: use real contents instead of macro GLOBAL()
  KEYS: fix error return code in big_key_instantiate()
  KEYS: Fix keyring quota misaccounting on key replacement and unlink
  KEYS: Fix a race between negating a key and reading the error set
  KEYS: Make BIG_KEYS boolean
  apparmor: remove the "task" arg from may_change_ptraced_domain()
  apparmor: remove parent task info from audit logging
  apparmor: remove tsk field from the apparmor_audit_struct
  apparmor: fix capability to not use the current task, during reporting
  Smack: Ptrace access check mode
  ima: provide hash algo info in the xattr
  ima: enable support for larger default filedata hash algorithms
  ima: define kernel parameter 'ima_template=' to change configured default
  ima: add Kconfig default measurement list template
  ...

4 files changed, 1764 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
index 06dc74200a51..991c98bc4a3f 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/Kconfig
@@ -322,6 +322,20 @@ config TEXTSEARCH_FSM
 config BTREE
 	boolean
 
+config ASSOCIATIVE_ARRAY
+	bool
+	help
+	  Generic associative array.  Can be searched and iterated over whilst
+	  it is being modified.  It is also reasonably quick to search and
+	  modify.  The algorithms are non-recursive, and the trees are highly
+	  capacious.
+
+	  See:
+
+		Documentation/assoc_array.txt
+
+	  for more information.
+
 config HAS_IOMEM
 	boolean
 	depends on !NO_IOMEM
diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
index d480a8c92385..b46065fd67a4 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile
+++ b/lib/Makefile
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ CFLAGS_hweight.o = $(subst $(quote),,$(CONFIG_ARCH_HWEIGHT_CFLAGS))
 obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_ASSOCIATIVE_ARRAY) += assoc_array.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT) += smp_processor_id.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST) += list_debug.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS) += debugobjects.o
diff --git a/lib/assoc_array.c b/lib/assoc_array.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17edeaf19180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/assoc_array.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1746 @@
+/* Generic associative array implementation.
+ *
+ * See Documentation/assoc_array.txt for information.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
+ * 2 of the Licence, or (at your option) any later version.
+ */
+//#define DEBUG
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/assoc_array_priv.h>
+
+/*
+ * Iterate over an associative array.  The caller must hold the RCU read lock
+ * or better.
+ */
+static int assoc_array_subtree_iterate(const struct assoc_array_ptr *root,
+				       const struct assoc_array_ptr *stop,
+				       int (*iterator)(const void *leaf,
+						       void *iterator_data),
+				       void *iterator_data)
+{
+	const struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut;
+	const struct assoc_array_node *node;
+	const struct assoc_array_ptr *cursor, *ptr, *parent;
+	unsigned long has_meta;
+	int slot, ret;
+
+	cursor = root;
+
+begin_node:
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(cursor)) {
+		/* Descend through a shortcut */
+		shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(cursor);
+		smp_read_barrier_depends();
+		cursor = ACCESS_ONCE(shortcut->next_node);
+	}
+
+	node = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(cursor);
+	smp_read_barrier_depends();
+	slot = 0;
+
+	/* We perform two passes of each node.
+	 *
+	 * The first pass does all the leaves in this node.  This means we
+	 * don't miss any leaves if the node is split up by insertion whilst
+	 * we're iterating over the branches rooted here (we may, however, see
+	 * some leaves twice).
+	 */
+	has_meta = 0;
+	for (; slot < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; slot++) {
+		ptr = ACCESS_ONCE(node->slots[slot]);
+		has_meta |= (unsigned long)ptr;
+		if (ptr && assoc_array_ptr_is_leaf(ptr)) {
+			/* We need a barrier between the read of the pointer
+			 * and dereferencing the pointer - but only if we are
+			 * actually going to dereference it.
+			 */
+			smp_read_barrier_depends();
+
+			/* Invoke the callback */
+			ret = iterator(assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr),
+				       iterator_data);
+			if (ret)
+				return ret;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* The second pass attends to all the metadata pointers.  If we follow
+	 * one of these we may find that we don't come back here, but rather go
+	 * back to a replacement node with the leaves in a different layout.
+	 *
+	 * We are guaranteed to make progress, however, as the slot number for
+	 * a particular portion of the key space cannot change - and we
+	 * continue at the back pointer + 1.
+	 */
+	if (!(has_meta & ASSOC_ARRAY_PTR_META_TYPE))
+		goto finished_node;
+	slot = 0;
+
+continue_node:
+	node = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(cursor);
+	smp_read_barrier_depends();
+
+	for (; slot < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; slot++) {
+		ptr = ACCESS_ONCE(node->slots[slot]);
+		if (assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(ptr)) {
+			cursor = ptr;
+			goto begin_node;
+		}
+	}
+
+finished_node:
+	/* Move up to the parent (may need to skip back over a shortcut) */
+	parent = ACCESS_ONCE(node->back_pointer);
+	slot = node->parent_slot;
+	if (parent == stop)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(parent)) {
+		shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(parent);
+		smp_read_barrier_depends();
+		cursor = parent;
+		parent = ACCESS_ONCE(shortcut->back_pointer);
+		slot = shortcut->parent_slot;
+		if (parent == stop)
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Ascend to next slot in parent node */
+	cursor = parent;
+	slot++;
+	goto continue_node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * assoc_array_iterate - Pass all objects in the array to a callback
+ * @array: The array to iterate over.
+ * @iterator: The callback function.
+ * @iterator_data: Private data for the callback function.
+ *
+ * Iterate over all the objects in an associative array.  Each one will be
+ * presented to the iterator function.
+ *
+ * If the array is being modified concurrently with the iteration then it is
+ * possible that some objects in the array will be passed to the iterator
+ * callback more than once - though every object should be passed at least
+ * once.  If this is undesirable then the caller must lock against modification
+ * for the duration of this function.
+ *
+ * The function will return 0 if no objects were in the array or else it will
+ * return the result of the last iterator function called.  Iteration stops
+ * immediately if any call to the iteration function results in a non-zero
+ * return.
+ *
+ * The caller should hold the RCU read lock or better if concurrent
+ * modification is possible.
+ */
+int assoc_array_iterate(const struct assoc_array *array,
+			int (*iterator)(const void *object,
+					void *iterator_data),
+			void *iterator_data)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_ptr *root = ACCESS_ONCE(array->root);
+
+	if (!root)
+		return 0;
+	return assoc_array_subtree_iterate(root, NULL, iterator, iterator_data);
+}
+
+enum assoc_array_walk_status {
+	assoc_array_walk_tree_empty,
+	assoc_array_walk_found_terminal_node,
+	assoc_array_walk_found_wrong_shortcut,
+} status;
+
+struct assoc_array_walk_result {
+	struct {
+		struct assoc_array_node	*node;	/* Node in which leaf might be found */
+		int		level;
+		int		slot;
+	} terminal_node;
+	struct {
+		struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut;
+		int		level;
+		int		sc_level;
+		unsigned long	sc_segments;
+		unsigned long	dissimilarity;
+	} wrong_shortcut;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Navigate through the internal tree looking for the closest node to the key.
+ */
+static enum assoc_array_walk_status
+assoc_array_walk(const struct assoc_array *array,
+		 const struct assoc_array_ops *ops,
+		 const void *index_key,
+		 struct assoc_array_walk_result *result)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut;
+	struct assoc_array_node *node;
+	struct assoc_array_ptr *cursor, *ptr;
+	unsigned long sc_segments, dissimilarity;
+	unsigned long segments;
+	int level, sc_level, next_sc_level;
+	int slot;
+
+	pr_devel("-->%s()\n", __func__);
+
+	cursor = ACCESS_ONCE(array->root);
+	if (!cursor)
+		return assoc_array_walk_tree_empty;
+
+	level = 0;
+
+	/* Use segments from the key for the new leaf to navigate through the
+	 * internal tree, skipping through nodes and shortcuts that are on
+	 * route to the destination.  Eventually we'll come to a slot that is
+	 * either empty or contains a leaf at which point we've found a node in
+	 * which the leaf we're looking for might be found or into which it
+	 * should be inserted.
+	 */
+jumped:
+	segments = ops->get_key_chunk(index_key, level);
+	pr_devel("segments[%d]: %lx\n", level, segments);
+
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(cursor))
+		goto follow_shortcut;
+
+consider_node:
+	node = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(cursor);
+	smp_read_barrier_depends();
+
+	slot = segments >> (level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK);
+	slot &= ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_MASK;
+	ptr = ACCESS_ONCE(node->slots[slot]);
+
+	pr_devel("consider slot %x [ix=%d type=%lu]\n",
+		 slot, level, (unsigned long)ptr & 3);
+
+	if (!assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(ptr)) {
+		/* The node doesn't have a node/shortcut pointer in the slot
+		 * corresponding to the index key that we have to follow.
+		 */
+		result->terminal_node.node = node;
+		result->terminal_node.level = level;
+		result->terminal_node.slot = slot;
+		pr_devel("<--%s() = terminal_node\n", __func__);
+		return assoc_array_walk_found_terminal_node;
+	}
+
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_node(ptr)) {
+		/* There is a pointer to a node in the slot corresponding to
+		 * this index key segment, so we need to follow it.
+		 */
+		cursor = ptr;
+		level += ASSOC_ARRAY_LEVEL_STEP;
+		if ((level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK) != 0)
+			goto consider_node;
+		goto jumped;
+	}
+
+	/* There is a shortcut in the slot corresponding to the index key
+	 * segment.  We follow the shortcut if its partial index key matches
+	 * this leaf's.  Otherwise we need to split the shortcut.
+	 */
+	cursor = ptr;
+follow_shortcut:
+	shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(cursor);
+	smp_read_barrier_depends();
+	pr_devel("shortcut to %d\n", shortcut->skip_to_level);
+	sc_level = level + ASSOC_ARRAY_LEVEL_STEP;
+	BUG_ON(sc_level > shortcut->skip_to_level);
+
+	do {
+		/* Check the leaf against the shortcut's index key a word at a
+		 * time, trimming the final word (the shortcut stores the index
+		 * key completely from the root to the shortcut's target).
+		 */
+		if ((sc_level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK) == 0)
+			segments = ops->get_key_chunk(index_key, sc_level);
+
+		sc_segments = shortcut->index_key[sc_level >> ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SHIFT];
+		dissimilarity = segments ^ sc_segments;
+
+		if (round_up(sc_level, ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SIZE) > shortcut->skip_to_level) {
+			/* Trim segments that are beyond the shortcut */
+			int shift = shortcut->skip_to_level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK;
+			dissimilarity &= ~(ULONG_MAX << shift);
+			next_sc_level = shortcut->skip_to_level;
+		} else {
+			next_sc_level = sc_level + ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SIZE;
+			next_sc_level = round_down(next_sc_level, ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SIZE);
+		}
+
+		if (dissimilarity != 0) {
+			/* This shortcut points elsewhere */
+			result->wrong_shortcut.shortcut = shortcut;
+			result->wrong_shortcut.level = level;
+			result->wrong_shortcut.sc_level = sc_level;
+			result->wrong_shortcut.sc_segments = sc_segments;
+			result->wrong_shortcut.dissimilarity = dissimilarity;
+			return assoc_array_walk_found_wrong_shortcut;
+		}
+
+		sc_level = next_sc_level;
+	} while (sc_level < shortcut->skip_to_level);
+
+	/* The shortcut matches the leaf's index to this point. */
+	cursor = ACCESS_ONCE(shortcut->next_node);
+	if (((level ^ sc_level) & ~ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK) != 0) {
+		level = sc_level;
+		goto jumped;
+	} else {
+		level = sc_level;
+		goto consider_node;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * assoc_array_find - Find an object by index key
+ * @array: The associative array to search.
+ * @ops: The operations to use.
+ * @index_key: The key to the object.
+ *
+ * Find an object in an associative array by walking through the internal tree
+ * to the node that should contain the object and then searching the leaves
+ * there.  NULL is returned if the requested object was not found in the array.
+ *
+ * The caller must hold the RCU read lock or better.
+ */
+void *assoc_array_find(const struct assoc_array *array,
+		       const struct assoc_array_ops *ops,
+		       const void *index_key)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_walk_result result;
+	const struct assoc_array_node *node;
+	const struct assoc_array_ptr *ptr;
+	const void *leaf;
+	int slot;
+
+	if (assoc_array_walk(array, ops, index_key, &result) !=
+	    assoc_array_walk_found_terminal_node)
+		return NULL;
+
+	node = result.terminal_node.node;
+	smp_read_barrier_depends();
+
+	/* If the target key is available to us, it's has to be pointed to by
+	 * the terminal node.
+	 */
+	for (slot = 0; slot < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; slot++) {
+		ptr = ACCESS_ONCE(node->slots[slot]);
+		if (ptr && assoc_array_ptr_is_leaf(ptr)) {
+			/* We need a barrier between the read of the pointer
+			 * and dereferencing the pointer - but only if we are
+			 * actually going to dereference it.
+			 */
+			leaf = assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr);
+			smp_read_barrier_depends();
+			if (ops->compare_object(leaf, index_key))
+				return (void *)leaf;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Destructively iterate over an associative array.  The caller must prevent
+ * other simultaneous accesses.
+ */
+static void assoc_array_destroy_subtree(struct assoc_array_ptr *root,
+					const struct assoc_array_ops *ops)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut;
+	struct assoc_array_node *node;
+	struct assoc_array_ptr *cursor, *parent = NULL;
+	int slot = -1;
+
+	pr_devel("-->%s()\n", __func__);
+
+	cursor = root;
+	if (!cursor) {
+		pr_devel("empty\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+move_to_meta:
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(cursor)) {
+		/* Descend through a shortcut */
+		pr_devel("[%d] shortcut\n", slot);
+		BUG_ON(!assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(cursor));
+		shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(cursor);
+		BUG_ON(shortcut->back_pointer != parent);
+		BUG_ON(slot != -1 && shortcut->parent_slot != slot);
+		parent = cursor;
+		cursor = shortcut->next_node;
+		slot = -1;
+		BUG_ON(!assoc_array_ptr_is_node(cursor));
+	}
+
+	pr_devel("[%d] node\n", slot);
+	node = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(cursor);
+	BUG_ON(node->back_pointer != parent);
+	BUG_ON(slot != -1 && node->parent_slot != slot);
+	slot = 0;
+
+continue_node:
+	pr_devel("Node %p [back=%p]\n", node, node->back_pointer);
+	for (; slot < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; slot++) {
+		struct assoc_array_ptr *ptr = node->slots[slot];
+		if (!ptr)
+			continue;
+		if (assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(ptr)) {
+			parent = cursor;
+			cursor = ptr;
+			goto move_to_meta;
+		}
+
+		if (ops) {
+			pr_devel("[%d] free leaf\n", slot);
+			ops->free_object(assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr));
+		}
+	}
+
+	parent = node->back_pointer;
+	slot = node->parent_slot;
+	pr_devel("free node\n");
+	kfree(node);
+	if (!parent)
+		return; /* Done */
+
+	/* Move back up to the parent (may need to free a shortcut on
+	 * the way up) */
+	if (assoc_array_ptr_is_shortcut(parent)) {
+		shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(parent);
+		BUG_ON(shortcut->next_node != cursor);
+		cursor = parent;
+		parent = shortcut->back_pointer;
+		slot = shortcut->parent_slot;
+		pr_devel("free shortcut\n");
+		kfree(shortcut);
+		if (!parent)
+			return;
+
+		BUG_ON(!assoc_array_ptr_is_node(parent));
+	}
+
+	/* Ascend to next slot in parent node */
+	pr_devel("ascend to %p[%d]\n", parent, slot);
+	cursor = parent;
+	node = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(cursor);
+	slot++;
+	goto continue_node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * assoc_array_destroy - Destroy an associative array
+ * @array: The array to destroy.
+ * @ops: The operations to use.
+ *
+ * Discard all metadata and free all objects in an associative array.  The
+ * array will be empty and ready to use again upon completion.  This function
+ * cannot fail.
+ *
+ * The caller must prevent all other accesses whilst this takes place as no
+ * attempt is made to adjust pointers gracefully to permit RCU readlock-holding
+ * accesses to continue.  On the other hand, no memory allocation is required.
+ */
+void assoc_array_destroy(struct assoc_array *array,
+			 const struct assoc_array_ops *ops)
+{
+	assoc_array_destroy_subtree(array->root, ops);
+	array->root = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Handle insertion into an empty tree.
+ */
+static bool assoc_array_insert_in_empty_tree(struct assoc_array_edit *edit)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_node *new_n0;
+
+	pr_devel("-->%s()\n", __func__);
+
+	new_n0 = kzalloc(sizeof(struct assoc_array_node), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!new_n0)
+		return false;
+
+	edit->new_meta[0] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	edit->leaf_p = &new_n0->slots[0];
+	edit->adjust_count_on = new_n0;
+	edit->set[0].ptr = &edit->array->root;
+	edit->set[0].to = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+
+	pr_devel("<--%s() = ok [no root]\n", __func__);
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Handle insertion into a terminal node.
+ */
+static bool assoc_array_insert_into_terminal_node(struct assoc_array_edit *edit,
+						  const struct assoc_array_ops *ops,
+						  const void *index_key,
+						  struct assoc_array_walk_result *result)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut, *new_s0;
+	struct assoc_array_node *node, *new_n0, *new_n1, *side;
+	struct assoc_array_ptr *ptr;
+	unsigned long dissimilarity, base_seg, blank;
+	size_t keylen;
+	bool have_meta;
+	int level, diff;
+	int slot, next_slot, free_slot, i, j;
+
+	node	= result->terminal_node.node;
+	level	= result->terminal_node.level;
+	edit->segment_cache[ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT] = result->terminal_node.slot;
+
+	pr_devel("-->%s()\n", __func__);
+
+	/* We arrived at a node which doesn't have an onward node or shortcut
+	 * pointer that we have to follow.  This means that (a) the leaf we
+	 * want must go here (either by insertion or replacement) or (b) we
+	 * need to split this node and insert in one of the fragments.
+	 */
+	free_slot = -1;
+
+	/* Firstly, we have to check the leaves in this node to see if there's
+	 * a matching one we should replace in place.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		ptr = node->slots[i];
+		if (!ptr) {
+			free_slot = i;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (ops->compare_object(assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr), index_key)) {
+			pr_devel("replace in slot %d\n", i);
+			edit->leaf_p = &node->slots[i];
+			edit->dead_leaf = node->slots[i];
+			pr_devel("<--%s() = ok [replace]\n", __func__);
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If there is a free slot in this node then we can just insert the
+	 * leaf here.
+	 */
+	if (free_slot >= 0) {
+		pr_devel("insert in free slot %d\n", free_slot);
+		edit->leaf_p = &node->slots[free_slot];
+		edit->adjust_count_on = node;
+		pr_devel("<--%s() = ok [insert]\n", __func__);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/* The node has no spare slots - so we're either going to have to split
+	 * it or insert another node before it.
+	 *
+	 * Whatever, we're going to need at least two new nodes - so allocate
+	 * those now.  We may also need a new shortcut, but we deal with that
+	 * when we need it.
+	 */
+	new_n0 = kzalloc(sizeof(struct assoc_array_node), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!new_n0)
+		return false;
+	edit->new_meta[0] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n1 = kzalloc(sizeof(struct assoc_array_node), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!new_n1)
+		return false;
+	edit->new_meta[1] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n1);
+
+	/* We need to find out how similar the leaves are. */
+	pr_devel("no spare slots\n");
+	have_meta = false;
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		ptr = node->slots[i];
+		if (assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(ptr)) {
+			edit->segment_cache[i] = 0xff;
+			have_meta = true;
+			continue;
+		}
+		base_seg = ops->get_object_key_chunk(
+			assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr), level);
+		base_seg >>= level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK;
+		edit->segment_cache[i] = base_seg & ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_MASK;
+	}
+
+	if (have_meta) {
+		pr_devel("have meta\n");
+		goto split_node;
+	}
+
+	/* The node contains only leaves */
+	dissimilarity = 0;
+	base_seg = edit->segment_cache[0];
+	for (i = 1; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++)
+		dissimilarity |= edit->segment_cache[i] ^ base_seg;
+
+	pr_devel("only leaves; dissimilarity=%lx\n", dissimilarity);
+
+	if ((dissimilarity & ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_MASK) == 0) {
+		/* The old leaves all cluster in the same slot.  We will need
+		 * to insert a shortcut if the new node wants to cluster with them.
+		 */
+		if ((edit->segment_cache[ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT] ^ base_seg) == 0)
+			goto all_leaves_cluster_together;
+
+		/* Otherwise we can just insert a new node ahead of the old
+		 * one.
+		 */
+		goto present_leaves_cluster_but_not_new_leaf;
+	}
+
+split_node:
+	pr_devel("split node\n");
+
+	/* We need to split the current node; we know that the node doesn't
+	 * simply contain a full set of leaves that cluster together (it
+	 * contains meta pointers and/or non-clustering leaves).
+	 *
+	 * We need to expel at least two leaves out of a set consisting of the
+	 * leaves in the node and the new leaf.
+	 *
+	 * We need a new node (n0) to replace the current one and a new node to
+	 * take the expelled nodes (n1).
+	 */
+	edit->set[0].to = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n0->back_pointer = node->back_pointer;
+	new_n0->parent_slot = node->parent_slot;
+	new_n1->back_pointer = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n1->parent_slot = -1; /* Need to calculate this */
+
+do_split_node:
+	pr_devel("do_split_node\n");
+
+	new_n0->nr_leaves_on_branch = node->nr_leaves_on_branch;
+	new_n1->nr_leaves_on_branch = 0;
+
+	/* Begin by finding two matching leaves.  There have to be at least two
+	 * that match - even if there are meta pointers - because any leaf that
+	 * would match a slot with a meta pointer in it must be somewhere
+	 * behind that meta pointer and cannot be here.  Further, given N
+	 * remaining leaf slots, we now have N+1 leaves to go in them.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		slot = edit->segment_cache[i];
+		if (slot != 0xff)
+			for (j = i + 1; j < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT + 1; j++)
+				if (edit->segment_cache[j] == slot)
+					goto found_slot_for_multiple_occupancy;
+	}
+found_slot_for_multiple_occupancy:
+	pr_devel("same slot: %x %x [%02x]\n", i, j, slot);
+	BUG_ON(i >= ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT);
+	BUG_ON(j >= ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT + 1);
+	BUG_ON(slot >= ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT);
+
+	new_n1->parent_slot = slot;
+
+	/* Metadata pointers cannot change slot */
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++)
+		if (assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(node->slots[i]))
+			new_n0->slots[i] = node->slots[i];
+		else
+			new_n0->slots[i] = NULL;
+	BUG_ON(new_n0->slots[slot] != NULL);
+	new_n0->slots[slot] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n1);
+
+	/* Filter the leaf pointers between the new nodes */
+	free_slot = -1;
+	next_slot = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		if (assoc_array_ptr_is_meta(node->slots[i]))
+			continue;
+		if (edit->segment_cache[i] == slot) {
+			new_n1->slots[next_slot++] = node->slots[i];
+			new_n1->nr_leaves_on_branch++;
+		} else {
+			do {
+				free_slot++;
+			} while (new_n0->slots[free_slot] != NULL);
+			new_n0->slots[free_slot] = node->slots[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	pr_devel("filtered: f=%x n=%x\n", free_slot, next_slot);
+
+	if (edit->segment_cache[ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT] != slot) {
+		do {
+			free_slot++;
+		} while (new_n0->slots[free_slot] != NULL);
+		edit->leaf_p = &new_n0->slots[free_slot];
+		edit->adjust_count_on = new_n0;
+	} else {
+		edit->leaf_p = &new_n1->slots[next_slot++];
+		edit->adjust_count_on = new_n1;
+	}
+
+	BUG_ON(next_slot <= 1);
+
+	edit->set_backpointers_to = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		if (edit->segment_cache[i] == 0xff) {
+			ptr = node->slots[i];
+			BUG_ON(assoc_array_ptr_is_leaf(ptr));
+			if (assoc_array_ptr_is_node(ptr)) {
+				side = assoc_array_ptr_to_node(ptr);
+				edit->set_backpointers[i] = &side->back_pointer;
+			} else {
+				shortcut = assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(ptr);
+				edit->set_backpointers[i] = &shortcut->back_pointer;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	ptr = node->back_pointer;
+	if (!ptr)
+		edit->set[0].ptr = &edit->array->root;
+	else if (assoc_array_ptr_is_node(ptr))
+		edit->set[0].ptr = &assoc_array_ptr_to_node(ptr)->slots[node->parent_slot];
+	else
+		edit->set[0].ptr = &assoc_array_ptr_to_shortcut(ptr)->next_node;
+	edit->excised_meta[0] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(node);
+	pr_devel("<--%s() = ok [split node]\n", __func__);
+	return true;
+
+present_leaves_cluster_but_not_new_leaf:
+	/* All the old leaves cluster in the same slot, but the new leaf wants
+	 * to go into a different slot, so we create a new node to hold the new
+	 * leaf and a pointer to a new node holding all the old leaves.
+	 */
+	pr_devel("present leaves cluster but not new leaf\n");
+
+	new_n0->back_pointer = node->back_pointer;
+	new_n0->parent_slot = node->parent_slot;
+	new_n0->nr_leaves_on_branch = node->nr_leaves_on_branch;
+	new_n1->back_pointer = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n1->parent_slot = edit->segment_cache[0];
+	new_n1->nr_leaves_on_branch = node->nr_leaves_on_branch;
+	edit->adjust_count_on = new_n0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++)
+		new_n1->slots[i] = node->slots[i];
+
+	new_n0->slots[edit->segment_cache[0]] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	edit->leaf_p = &new_n0->slots[edit->segment_cache[ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT]];
+
+	edit->set[0].ptr = &assoc_array_ptr_to_node(node->back_pointer)->slots[node->parent_slot];
+	edit->set[0].to = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	edit->excised_meta[0] = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(node);
+	pr_devel("<--%s() = ok [insert node before]\n", __func__);
+	return true;
+
+all_leaves_cluster_together:
+	/* All the leaves, new and old, want to cluster together in this node
+	 * in the same slot, so we have to replace this node with a shortcut to
+	 * skip over the identical parts of the key and then place a pair of
+	 * nodes, one inside the other, at the end of the shortcut and
+	 * distribute the keys between them.
+	 *
+	 * Firstly we need to work out where the leaves start diverging as a
+	 * bit position into their keys so that we know how big the shortcut
+	 * needs to be.
+	 *
+	 * We only need to make a single pass of N of the N+1 leaves because if
+	 * any keys differ between themselves at bit X then at least one of
+	 * them must also differ with the base key at bit X or before.
+	 */
+	pr_devel("all leaves cluster together\n");
+	diff = INT_MAX;
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		int x = ops->diff_objects(assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(edit->leaf),
+					  assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(node->slots[i]));
+		if (x < diff) {
+			BUG_ON(x < 0);
+			diff = x;
+		}
+	}
+	BUG_ON(diff == INT_MAX);
+	BUG_ON(diff < level + ASSOC_ARRAY_LEVEL_STEP);
+
+	keylen = round_up(diff, ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SIZE);
+	keylen >>= ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SHIFT;
+
+	new_s0 = kzalloc(sizeof(struct assoc_array_shortcut) +
+			 keylen * sizeof(unsigned long), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!new_s0)
+		return false;
+	edit->new_meta[2] = assoc_array_shortcut_to_ptr(new_s0);
+
+	edit->set[0].to = assoc_array_shortcut_to_ptr(new_s0);
+	new_s0->back_pointer = node->back_pointer;
+	new_s0->parent_slot = node->parent_slot;
+	new_s0->next_node = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n0->back_pointer = assoc_array_shortcut_to_ptr(new_s0);
+	new_n0->parent_slot = 0;
+	new_n1->back_pointer = assoc_array_node_to_ptr(new_n0);
+	new_n1->parent_slot = -1; /* Need to calculate this */
+
+	new_s0->skip_to_level = level = diff & ~ASSOC_ARRAY_LEVEL_STEP_MASK;
+	pr_devel("skip_to_level = %d [diff %d]\n", level, diff);
+	BUG_ON(level <= 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < keylen; i++)
+		new_s0->index_key[i] =
+			ops->get_key_chunk(index_key, i * ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+	blank = ULONG_MAX << (level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK);
+	pr_devel("blank off [%zu] %d: %lx\n", keylen - 1, level, blank);
+	new_s0->index_key[keylen - 1] &= ~blank;
+
+	/* This now reduces to a node splitting exercise for which we'll need
+	 * to regenerate the disparity table.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT; i++) {
+		ptr = node->slots[i];
+		base_seg = ops->get_object_key_chunk(assoc_array_ptr_to_leaf(ptr),
+						     level);
+		base_seg >>= level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK;
+		edit->segment_cache[i] = base_seg & ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_MASK;
+	}
+
+	base_seg = ops->get_key_chunk(index_key, level);
+	base_seg >>= level & ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK;
+	edit->segment_cache[ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_OUT] = base_seg & ASSOC_ARRAY_FAN_MASK;
+	goto do_split_node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Handle insertion into the middle of a shortcut.
+ */
+static bool assoc_array_insert_mid_shortcut(struct assoc_array_edit *edit,
+					    const struct assoc_array_ops *ops,
+					    struct assoc_array_walk_result *result)
+{
+	struct assoc_array_shortcut *shortcut, *new_s0, *new_s1;
+	struct assoc_array_node *node, *new_n0, *side;
+	unsigned long sc_segments, dissimilarity, blank;
+	size_t keylen;
+	int level, sc_level, diff;
+	int sc_slot;
+
+	shortcut	= result->wrong_shortcut.shortcut;
+	level		= result->wrong_shortcut.level;
+	sc_level	= result->wrong_shortcut.sc_level;
+	sc_segments	= result->wrong_shortcut.sc_segments;
+	dissimilarity	= result->wrong_shortcut.dissimilarity;
+
+	pr_devel("-->%s(ix=%d dis=%lx scix=%d)\n",
+		 __func__, level, dissimilarity, sc_level);
+
+	/* We need to split a shortcut and insert a node between the two
+	 * pieces.  Zero-length pieces will be dispensed with entirely.
+	 *
+	 * First of all, we need to find out in which level the first
+	 * difference was.
+	 */
+	diff = __ffs(dissimilarity);
+	diff &= ~ASSOC_ARRAY_LEVEL_STEP_MASK;
+	diff += sc_level & ~ASSOC_ARRAY_KEY_CHUNK_MASK;
+	pr_devel("diff=%d\n", diff);