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+.\" $Id$
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 2007 Nicholas Marriott <nicm@users.sourceforge.net>
+.\"
+.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+.\"
+.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF MIND, USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
+.\" IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING
+.\" OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+.\"
+.Dd $Mdocdate: March 25 2013 $
+.Dt TMUX 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm tmux
+.Nd terminal multiplexer
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm tmux
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl 28lCquvV
+.Op Fl c Ar shell-command
+.Op Fl f Ar file
+.Op Fl L Ar socket-name
+.Op Fl S Ar socket-path
+.Op Ar command Op Ar flags
+.Ek
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is a terminal multiplexer:
+it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and
+controlled from a single screen.
+.Nm
+may be detached from a screen
+and continue running in the background,
+then later reattached.
+.Pp
+When
+.Nm
+is started it creates a new
+.Em session
+with a single
+.Em window
+and displays it on screen.
+A status line at the bottom of the screen
+shows information on the current session
+and is used to enter interactive commands.
+.Pp
+A session is a single collection of
+.Em pseudo terminals
+under the management of
+.Nm .
+Each session has one or more
+windows linked to it.
+A window occupies the entire screen
+and may be split into rectangular panes,
+each of which is a separate pseudo terminal
+(the
+.Xr pty 4
+manual page documents the technical details of pseudo terminals).
+Any number of
+.Nm
+instances may connect to the same session,
+and any number of windows may be present in the same session.
+Once all sessions are killed,
+.Nm
+exits.
+.Pp
+Each session is persistent and will survive accidental disconnection
+(such as
+.Xr ssh 1
+connection timeout) or intentional detaching (with the
+.Ql C-b d
+key strokes).
+.Nm
+may be reattached using:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ tmux attach
+.Pp
+In
+.Nm ,
+a session is displayed on screen by a
+.Em client
+and all sessions are managed by a single
+.Em server .
+The server and each client are separate processes which communicate through a
+socket in
+.Pa /tmp .
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX"
+.It Fl 2
+Force
+.Nm
+to assume the terminal supports 256 colours.
+.It Fl C
+Start in control mode.
+Given twice
+.Xo ( Fl CC ) Xc
+disables echo.
+.It Fl c Ar shell-command
+Execute
+.Ar shell-command
+using the default shell.
+If necessary, the
+.Nm
+server will be started to retrieve the
+.Ic default-shell
+option.
+This option is for compatibility with
+.Xr sh 1
+when
+.Nm
+is used as a login shell.
+.It Fl f Ar file
+Specify an alternative configuration file.
+By default,
+.Nm
+loads the system configuration file from
+.Pa /etc/tmux.conf ,
+if present, then looks for a user configuration file at
+.Pa ~/.tmux.conf .
+.Pp
+The configuration file is a set of
+.Nm
+commands which are executed in sequence when the server is first started.
+.Nm
+loads configuration files once when the server process has started.
+The
+.Ic source-file
+command may be used to load a file later.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+shows any error messages from commands in configuration files in the first
+session created, and continues to process the rest of the configuration file.
+.It Fl L Ar socket-name
+.Nm
+stores the server socket in a directory under
+.Ev TMUX_TMPDIR ,
+.Ev TMPDIR
+if it is unset, or
+.Pa /tmp
+if both are unset.
+The default socket is named
+.Em default .
+This option allows a different socket name to be specified, allowing several
+independent
+.Nm
+servers to be run.
+Unlike
+.Fl S
+a full path is not necessary: the sockets are all created in the same
+directory.
+.Pp
+If the socket is accidentally removed, the
+.Dv SIGUSR1
+signal may be sent to the
+.Nm
+server process to recreate it.
+.It Fl l
+Behave as a login shell.
+This flag currently has no effect and is for compatibility with other shells
+when using tmux as a login shell.
+.It Fl q
+Set the
+.Ic quiet
+server option to prevent the server sending various informational messages.
+.It Fl S Ar socket-path
+Specify a full alternative path to the server socket.
+If
+.Fl S
+is specified, the default socket directory is not used and any
+.Fl L
+flag is ignored.
+.It Fl u
+.Nm
+attempts to guess if the terminal is likely to support UTF-8 by checking the
+first of the
+.Ev LC_ALL ,
+.Ev LC_CTYPE
+and
+.Ev LANG
+environment variables to be set for the string "UTF-8".
+This is not always correct: the
+.Fl u
+flag explicitly informs
+.Nm
+that UTF-8 is supported.
+.Pp
+If the server is started from a client passed
+.Fl u
+or where UTF-8 is detected, the
+.Ic utf8
+and
+.Ic status-utf8
+options are enabled in the global window and session options respectively.
+.It Fl v
+Request verbose logging.
+This option may be specified multiple times for increasing verbosity.
+Log messages will be saved into
+.Pa tmux-client-PID.log
+and
+.Pa tmux-server-PID.log
+files in the current directory, where
+.Em PID
+is the PID of the server or client process.
+.It Fl V
+Report the
+.Nm
+version.
+.It Ar command Op Ar flags
+This specifies one of a set of commands used to control
+.Nm ,
+as described in the following sections.
+If no commands are specified, the
+.Ic new-session
+command is assumed.
+.El
+.Sh KEY BINDINGS
+.Nm
+may be controlled from an attached client by using a key combination of a
+prefix key,
+.Ql C-b
+(Ctrl-b) by default, followed by a command key.
+.Pp
+The default command key bindings are:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It C-b
+Send the prefix key (C-b) through to the application.
+.It C-o
+Rotate the panes in the current window forwards.
+.It C-z
+Suspend the
+.Nm
+client.
+.It !
+Break the current pane out of the window.
+.It \&"
+Split the current pane into two, top and bottom.
+.It #
+List all paste buffers.
+.It $
+Rename the current session.
+.It %
+Split the current pane into two, left and right.
+.It &
+Kill the current window.
+.It '
+Prompt for a window index to select.
+.It ,
+Rename the current window.
+.It -
+Delete the most recently copied buffer of text.
+.It .
+Prompt for an index to move the current window.
+.It 0 to 9
+Select windows 0 to 9.
+.It :
+Enter the
+.Nm
+command prompt.
+.It ;
+Move to the previously active pane.
+.It =
+Choose which buffer to paste interactively from a list.
+.It \&?
+List all key bindings.
+.It D
+Choose a client to detach.
+.It \&[
+Enter copy mode to copy text or view the history.
+.It \&]
+Paste the most recently copied buffer of text.
+.It c
+Create a new window.
+.It d
+Detach the current client.
+.It f
+Prompt to search for text in open windows.
+.It i
+Display some information about the current window.
+.It l
+Move to the previously selected window.
+.It n
+Change to the next window.
+.It o
+Select the next pane in the current window.
+.It p
+Change to the previous window.
+.It q
+Briefly display pane indexes.
+.It r
+Force redraw of the attached client.
+.It s
+Select a new session for the attached client interactively.
+.It L
+Switch the attached client back to the last session.
+.It t
+Show the time.
+.It w
+Choose the current window interactively.
+.It x
+Kill the current pane.
+.It {
+Swap the current pane with the previous pane.
+.It }
+Swap the current pane with the next pane.
+.It ~
+Show previous messages from
+.Nm ,
+if any.
+.It Page Up
+Enter copy mode and scroll one page up.
+.It Up, Down
+.It Left, Right
+Change to the pane above, below, to the left, or to the right of the current
+pane.
+.It M-1 to M-5
+Arrange panes in one of the five preset layouts: even-horizontal,
+even-vertical, main-horizontal, main-vertical, or tiled.
+.It M-n
+Move to the next window with a bell or activity marker.
+.It M-o
+Rotate the panes in the current window backwards.
+.It M-p
+Move to the previous window with a bell or activity marker.
+.It C-Up, C-Down
+.It C-Left, C-Right
+Resize the current pane in steps of one cell.
+.It M-Up, M-Down
+.It M-Left, M-Right
+Resize the current pane in steps of five cells.
+.El
+.Pp
+Key bindings may be changed with the
+.Ic bind-key
+and
+.Ic unbind-key
+commands.
+.Sh COMMANDS
+This section contains a list of the commands supported by
+.Nm .
+Most commands accept the optional
+.Fl t
+argument with one of
+.Ar target-client ,
+.Ar target-session
+.Ar target-window ,
+or
+.Ar target-pane .
+These specify the client, session, window or pane which a command should affect.
+.Ar target-client
+is the name of the
+.Xr pty 4
+file to which the client is connected, for example either of
+.Pa /dev/ttyp1
+or
+.Pa ttyp1
+for the client attached to
+.Pa /dev/ttyp1 .
+If no client is specified, the current client is chosen, if possible, or an
+error is reported.
+Clients may be listed with the
+.Ic list-clients
+command.
+.Pp
+.Ar target-session
+is the session id prefixed with a $, the name of a session (as listed by the
+.Ic list-sessions
+command), or the name of a client with the same syntax as
+.Ar target-client ,
+in which case the session attached to the client is used.
+When looking for the session name,
+.Nm
+initially searches for an exact match; if none is found, the session names
+are checked for any for which
+.Ar target-session
+is a prefix or for which it matches as an
+.Xr fnmatch 3
+pattern.
+If a single match is found, it is used as the target session; multiple matches
+produce an error.
+If a session is omitted, the current session is used if available; if no
+current session is available, the most recently used is chosen.
+.Pp
+.Ar target-window
+specifies a window in the form
+.Em session Ns \&: Ns Em window .
+.Em session
+follows the same rules as for
+.Ar target-session ,
+and
+.Em window
+is looked for in order: as a window index, for example mysession:1;
+as a window ID, such as @1;
+as an exact window name, such as mysession:mywindow; then as an
+.Xr fnmatch 3
+pattern or the start of a window name, such as mysession:mywin* or
+mysession:mywin.
+An empty window name specifies the next unused index if appropriate (for
+example the
+.Ic new-window
+and
+.Ic link-window
+commands)
+otherwise the current window in
+.Em session
+is chosen.
+The special character
+.Ql \&!
+uses the last (previously current) window,
+.Ql ^
+selects the highest numbered window,
+.Ql $
+selects the lowest numbered window, and
+.Ql +
+and
+.Ql -
+select the next window or the previous window by number.
+When the argument does not contain a colon,
+.Nm
+first attempts to parse it as window; if that fails, an attempt is made to
+match a session.
+.Pp
+.Ar target-pane
+takes a similar form to
+.Ar target-window
+but with the optional addition of a period followed by a pane index, for
+example: mysession:mywindow.1.
+If the pane index is omitted, the currently active pane in the specified
+window is used.
+If neither a colon nor period appears,
+.Nm
+first attempts to use the argument as a pane index; if that fails, it is looked
+up as for
+.Ar target-window .
+A
+.Ql +
+or
+.Ql -
+indicate the next or previous pane index, respectively.
+One of the strings
+.Em top ,
+.Em bottom ,
+.Em left ,
+.Em right ,
+.Em top-left ,
+.Em top-right ,
+.Em bottom-left
+or
+.Em bottom-right
+may be used instead of a pane index.
+.Pp
+The special characters
+.Ql +
+and
+.Ql -
+may be followed by an offset, for example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+select-window -t:+2
+.Ed
+.Pp
+When dealing with a session that doesn't contain sequential window indexes,
+they will be correctly skipped.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+also gives each pane created in a server an identifier consisting of a
+.Ql %
+and a number, starting from zero.
+A pane's identifier is unique for the life of the
+.Nm
+server and is passed to the child process of the pane in the
+.Ev TMUX_PANE
+environment variable.
+It may be used alone to target a pane or the window containing it.
+.Pp
+.Ar shell-command
+arguments are
+.Xr sh 1
+commands.
+These must be passed as a single item, which typically means quoting them, for
+example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+new-window 'vi /etc/passwd'
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Ar command
+.Op Ar arguments
+refers to a
+.Nm
+command, passed with the command and arguments separately, for example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Or if using
+.Xr sh 1 :
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+$ tmux bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Multiple commands may be specified together as part of a
+.Em command sequence .
+Each command should be separated by spaces and a semicolon;
+commands are executed sequentially from left to right and
+lines ending with a backslash continue on to the next line,
+except when escaped by another backslash.
+A literal semicolon may be included by escaping it with a backslash (for
+example, when specifying a command sequence to
+.Ic bind-key ) .
+.Pp
+Example
+.Nm
+commands include:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+refresh-client -t/dev/ttyp2
+
+rename-session -tfirst newname
+
+set-window-option -t:0 monitor-activity on
+
+new-window ; split-window -d
+
+bind-key R source-file ~/.tmux.conf \e; \e
+	display-message "source-file done"
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Or from
+.Xr sh 1 :
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+$ tmux kill-window -t :1
+
+$ tmux new-window \e; split-window -d
+
+$ tmux new-session -d 'vi /etc/passwd' \e; split-window -d \e; attach
+.Ed
+.Sh CLIENTS AND SESSIONS
+The
+.Nm
+server manages clients, sessions, windows and panes.
+Clients are attached to sessions to interact with them, either
+when they are created with the
+.Ic new-session
+command, or later with the
+.Ic attach-session
+command.
+Each session has one or more windows
+.Em linked
+into it.
+Windows may be linked to multiple sessions and are made up of one or
+more panes,
+each of which contains a pseudo terminal.
+Commands for creating, linking and otherwise manipulating windows
+are covered
+in the
+.Sx WINDOWS AND PANES
+section.
+.Pp
+The following commands are available to manage clients and sessions:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Xo Ic attach-session
+.Op Fl dr
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic attach )
+If run from outside
+.Nm ,
+create a new client in the current terminal and attach it to
+.Ar target-session .
+If used from inside, switch the current client.
+If
+.Fl d
+is specified, any other clients attached to the session are detached.
+.Fl r
+signifies the client is read-only (only keys bound to the
+.Ic detach-client
+or
+.Ic switch-client
+commands have any effect)
+.Pp
+If no server is started,
+.Ic attach-session
+will attempt to start it; this will fail unless sessions are created in the
+configuration file.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar target-session
+rules for
+.Ic attach-session
+are slightly adjusted: if
+.Nm
+needs to select the most recently used session, it will prefer the most
+recently used
+.Em unattached
+session.
+.It Xo Ic detach-client
+.Op Fl P
+.Op Fl a
+.Op Fl s Ar target-session
+.Op Fl t Ar target-client
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic detach )
+Detach the current client if bound to a key, the client specified with
+.Fl t ,
+or all clients currently attached to the session specified by
+.Fl s .
+The
+.Fl a
+option kills all but the client given with
+.Fl t .
+If
+.Fl P
+is given, send SIGHUP to the parent process of the client, typically causing it
+to exit.
+.It Ic has-session Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.D1 (alias: Ic has )
+Report an error and exit with 1 if the specified session does not exist.
+If it does exist, exit with 0.
+.It Ic kill-server
+Kill the
+.Nm
+server and clients and destroy all sessions.
+.It Ic kill-session
+.Op Fl a
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+Destroy the given session, closing any windows linked to it and no other
+sessions, and detaching all clients attached to it.
+If
+.Fl a
+is given, all sessions but the specified one is killed.
+.It Xo Ic list-clients
+.Op Fl F Ar format
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic lsc )
+List all clients attached to the server.
+For the meaning of the
+.Fl F
+flag, see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+section.
+If
+.Ar target-session
+is specified, list only clients connected to that session.
+.It Ic list-commands
+.D1 (alias: Ic lscm )
+List the syntax of all commands supported by
+.Nm .
+.It Ic list-sessions Op Fl F Ar format
+.D1 (alias: Ic ls )
+List all sessions managed by the server.
+For the meaning of the
+.Fl F
+flag, see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+section.
+.It Ic lock-client Op Fl t Ar target-client
+.D1 (alias: Ic lockc )
+Lock
+.Ar target-client ,
+see the
+.Ic lock-server
+command.
+.It Ic lock-session Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.D1 (alias: Ic locks )
+Lock all clients attached to
+.Ar target-session .
+.It Xo Ic new-session
+.Op Fl AdDP
+.Op Fl F Ar format
+.Op Fl n Ar window-name
+.Op Fl s Ar session-name
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.Op Fl x Ar width
+.Op Fl y Ar height
+.Op Ar shell-command
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic new )
+Create a new session with name
+.Ar session-name .
+.Pp
+The new session is attached to the current terminal unless
+.Fl d
+is given.
+.Ar window-name
+and
+.Ar shell-command
+are the name of and shell command to execute in the initial window.
+If
+.Fl d
+is used,
+.Fl x
+and
+.Fl y
+specify the size of the initial window (80 by 24 if not given).
+.Pp
+If run from a terminal, any
+.Xr termios 4
+special characters are saved and used for new windows in the new session.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl A
+flag makes
+.Ic new-session
+behave like
+.Ic attach-session
+if
+.Ar session-name
+already exists; in the case,
+.Fl D
+behaves like
+.Fl d
+to
+.Ic attach-session .
+.Pp
+If
+.Fl t
+is given, the new session is
+.Em grouped
+with
+.Ar target-session .
+This means they share the same set of windows - all windows from
+.Ar target-session
+are linked to the new session and any subsequent new windows or windows being
+closed are applied to both sessions.
+The current and previous window and any session options remain independent and
+either session may be killed without affecting the other.
+Giving
+.Fl n
+or
+.Ar shell-command
+are invalid if
+.Fl t
+is used.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl P
+option prints information about the new session after it has been created.
+By default, it uses the format
+.Ql #{session_name}:
+but a different format may be specified with
+.Fl F .
+.It Xo Ic refresh-client
+.Op Fl S
+.Op Fl t Ar target-client
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic refresh )
+Refresh the current client if bound to a key, or a single client if one is given
+with
+.Fl t .
+If
+.Fl S
+is specified, only update the client's status bar.
+.It Xo Ic rename-session
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.Ar new-name
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic rename )
+Rename the session to
+.Ar new-name .
+.It Xo Ic show-messages
+.Op Fl t Ar target-client
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic showmsgs )
+Any messages displayed on the status line are saved in a per-client message
+log, up to a maximum of the limit set by the
+.Ar message-limit
+session option for the session attached to that client.
+This command displays the log for
+.Ar target-client .
+.It Ic source-file Ar path
+.D1 (alias: Ic source )
+Execute commands from
+.Ar path .
+.It Ic start-server
+.D1 (alias: Ic start )
+Start the
+.Nm
+server, if not already running, without creating any sessions.
+.It Xo Ic suspend-client
+.Op Fl t Ar target-client
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic suspendc )
+Suspend a client by sending
+.Dv SIGTSTP
+(tty stop).
+.It Xo Ic switch-client
+.Op Fl lnpr
+.Op Fl c Ar target-client
+.Op Fl t Ar target-session
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic switchc )
+Switch the current session for client
+.Ar target-client
+to
+.Ar target-session .
+If
+.Fl l ,
+.Fl n
+or
+.Fl p
+is used, the client is moved to the last, next or previous session
+respectively.
+.Fl r
+toggles whether a client is read-only (see the
+.Ic attach-session
+command).
+.El
+.Sh WINDOWS AND PANES
+A
+.Nm
+window may be in one of several modes.
+The default permits direct access to the terminal attached to the window.
+The other is copy mode, which permits a section of a window or its
+history to be copied to a
+.Em paste buffer
+for later insertion into another window.
+This mode is entered with the
+.Ic copy-mode
+command, bound to
+.Ql \&[
+by default.
+It is also entered when a command that produces output, such as
+.Ic list-keys ,
+is executed from a key binding.
+.Pp
+The keys available depend on whether emacs or vi mode is selected
+(see the
+.Ic mode-keys
+option).
+The following keys are supported as appropriate for the mode:
+.Bl -column "FunctionXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" "viXXXXXXXXXX" "emacs" -offset indent
+.It Sy "Function" Ta Sy "vi" Ta Sy "emacs"
+.It Li "Back to indentation" Ta "^" Ta "M-m"
+.It Li "Bottom of history" Ta "G" Ta "M-<"
+.It Li "Clear selection" Ta "Escape" Ta "C-g"
+.It Li "Copy selection" Ta "Enter" Ta "M-w"
+.It Li "Cursor down" Ta "j" Ta "Down"
+.It Li "Cursor left" Ta "h" Ta "Left"
+.It Li "Cursor right" Ta "l" Ta "Right"
+.It Li "Cursor to bottom line" Ta "L" Ta ""
+.It Li "Cursor to middle line" Ta "M" Ta "M-r"
+.It Li "Cursor to top line" Ta "H" Ta "M-R"
+.It Li "Cursor up" Ta "k" Ta "Up"
+.It Li "Delete entire line" Ta "d" Ta "C-u"
+.It Li "Delete/Copy to end of line" Ta "D" Ta "C-k"
+.It Li "End of line" Ta "$" Ta "C-e"
+.It Li "Go to line" Ta ":" Ta "g"
+.It Li "Half page down" Ta "C-d" Ta "M-Down"
+.It Li "Half page up" Ta "C-u" Ta "M-Up"
+.It Li "Jump forward" Ta "f" Ta "f"
+.It Li "Jump to forward" Ta "t" Ta ""
+.It Li "Jump backward" Ta "F" Ta "F"
+.It Li "Jump to backward" Ta "T" Ta ""
+.It Li "Jump again" Ta ";" Ta ";"
+.It Li "Jump again in reverse" Ta "," Ta ","
+.It Li "Next page" Ta "C-f" Ta "Page down"
+.It Li "Next space" Ta "W" Ta ""
+.It Li "Next space, end of word" Ta "E" Ta ""
+.It Li "Next word" Ta "w" Ta ""
+.It Li "Next word end" Ta "e" Ta "M-f"
+.It Li "Paste buffer" Ta "p" Ta "C-y"
+.It Li "Previous page" Ta "C-b" Ta "Page up"
+.It Li "Previous word" Ta "b" Ta "M-b"
+.It Li "Previous space" Ta "B" Ta ""
+.It Li "Quit mode" Ta "q" Ta "Escape"
+.It Li "Rectangle toggle" Ta "v" Ta "R"
+.It Li "Scroll down" Ta "C-Down or C-e" Ta "C-Down"
+.It Li "Scroll up" Ta "C-Up or C-y" Ta "C-Up"
+.It Li "Search again" Ta "n" Ta "n"
+.It Li "Search again in reverse" Ta "N" Ta "N"
+.It Li "Search backward" Ta "?" Ta "C-r"
+.It Li "Search forward" Ta "/" Ta "C-s"
+.It Li "Start of line" Ta "0" Ta "C-a"
+.It Li "Start selection" Ta "Space" Ta "C-Space"
+.It Li "Top of history" Ta "g" Ta "M->"
+.It Li "Transpose characters" Ta "" Ta "C-t"
+.El
+.Pp
+The next and previous word keys use space and the
+.Ql - ,
+.Ql _
+and
+.Ql @
+characters as word delimiters by default, but this can be adjusted by
+setting the
+.Em word-separators
+session option.
+Next word moves to the start of the next word, next word end to the end of the
+next word and previous word to the start of the previous word.
+The three next and previous space keys work similarly but use a space alone as
+the word separator.
+.Pp
+The jump commands enable quick movement within a line.
+For instance, typing
+.Ql f
+followed by
+.Ql /
+will move the cursor to the next
+.Ql /
+character on the current line.
+A
+.Ql \&;
+will then jump to the next occurrence.
+.Pp
+Commands in copy mode may be prefaced by an optional repeat count.
+With vi key bindings, a prefix is entered using the number keys; with
+emacs, the Alt (meta) key and a number begins prefix entry.
+For example, to move the cursor forward by ten words, use
+.Ql M-1 0 M-f
+in emacs mode, and
+.Ql 10w
+in vi.
+.Pp
+When copying the selection, the repeat count indicates the buffer index to
+replace, if used.
+.Pp
+Mode key bindings are defined in a set of named tables:
+.Em vi-edit
+and
+.Em emacs-edit
+for keys used when line editing at the command prompt;
+.Em vi-choice
+and
+.Em emacs-choice
+for keys used when choosing from lists (such as produced by the
+.Ic choose-window
+command); and
+.Em vi-copy
+and
+.Em emacs-copy
+used in copy mode.
+The tables may be viewed with the
+.Ic list-keys
+command and keys modified or removed with
+.Ic bind-key
+and
+.Ic unbind-key .
+One command accepts an argument,
+.Ic copy-pipe ,
+which copies the selection and pipes it to a command.
+For example the following will bind
+.Ql C-q
+to copy the selection into
+.Pa /tmp
+as well as the paste buffer:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+bind-key -temacs-copy C-q copy-pipe "cat >/tmp/out"
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The paste buffer key pastes the first line from the top paste buffer on the
+stack.
+.Pp
+The synopsis for the
+.Ic copy-mode
+command is:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Xo Ic copy-mode
+.Op Fl u
+.Op Fl t Ar target-pane
+.Xc
+Enter copy mode.
+The
+.Fl u
+option scrolls one page up.
+.El
+.Pp
+Each window displayed by
+.Nm
+may be split into one or more
+.Em panes ;
+each pane takes up a certain area of the display and is a separate terminal.
+A window may be split into panes using the
+.Ic split-window
+command.
+Windows may be split horizontally (with the
+.Fl h
+flag) or vertically.
+Panes may be resized with the
+.Ic resize-pane
+command (bound to
+.Ql C-up ,
+.Ql C-down
+.Ql C-left
+and
+.Ql C-right
+by default), the current pane may be changed with the
+.Ic select-pane
+command and the
+.Ic rotate-window
+and
+.Ic swap-pane
+commands may be used to swap panes without changing their position.
+Panes are numbered beginning from zero in the order they are created.
+.Pp
+A number of preset
+.Em layouts
+are available.
+These may be selected with the
+.Ic select-layout
+command or cycled with
+.Ic next-layout
+(bound to
+.Ql Space
+by default); once a layout is chosen, panes within it may be moved and resized
+as normal.
+.Pp
+The following layouts are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Ic even-horizontal
+Panes are spread out evenly from left to right across the window.
+.It Ic even-vertical
+Panes are spread evenly from top to bottom.
+.It Ic main-horizontal
+A large (main) pane is shown at the top of the window and the remaining panes
+are spread from left to right in the leftover space at the bottom.
+Use the
+.Em main-pane-height
+window option to specify the height of the top pane.
+.It Ic main-vertical
+Similar to
+.Ic main-horizontal
+but the large pane is placed on the left and the others spread from top to
+bottom along the right.
+See the
+.Em main-pane-width
+window option.
+.It Ic tiled
+Panes are spread out as evenly as possible over the window in both rows and
+columns.
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition,
+.Ic select-layout
+may be used to apply a previously used layout - the
+.Ic list-windows
+command displays the layout of each window in a form suitable for use with
+.Ic select-layout .
+For example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+$ tmux list-windows
+0: ksh [159x48]
+    layout: bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}
+$ tmux select-layout bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Nm
+automatically adjusts the size of the layout for the current window size.
+Note that a layout cannot be applied to a window with more panes than that
+from which the layout was originally defined.
+.Pp
+Commands related to windows and panes are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Xo Ic break-pane
+.Op Fl dP
+.Op Fl F Ar format
+.Op Fl t Ar target-pane
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic breakp )
+Break
+.Ar target-pane
+off from its containing window to make it the only pane in a new window.
+If
+.Fl d
+is given, the new window does not become the current window.
+The
+.Fl P
+option prints information about the new window after it has been created.
+By default, it uses the format
+.Ql #{session_name}:#{window_index}
+but a different format may be specified with
+.Fl F .
+.It Xo Ic capture-pane
+.Op Fl aepPq
+.Op Fl b Ar buffer-index
+.Op Fl E Ar end-line
+.Op Fl S Ar start-line
+.Op Fl t Ar target-pane
+.Xc
+.D1 (alias: Ic capturep )
+Capture the contents of a pane.
+If
+.Fl p
+is given, the output goes to stdout, otherwise to the buffer specified with
+.Fl b
+or a new buffer if omitted.
+If
+.Fl a
+is given, the alternate screen is used, and the history is not accessible.
+If no alternate screen exists, an error will be returned unless
+.Fl q
+is given.
+If
+.Fl e
+is given, the output includes escape sequences for text and background
+attributes.
+.Fl C
+also escapes non-printable characters as octal \exxx.
+.Fl J
+joins wrapped lines and preserves trailing spaces at each line's end.
+.Fl P
+captures only any output that the pane has received that is the beginning of an
+as-yet incomplete escape sequence.
+.Pp
+.Fl S
+and
+.Fl E
+specify the starting and ending line numbers, zero is the first line of the
+visible pane and negative numbers are lines in the history.
+The default is to capture only the visible contents of the pane.
+.It Xo
+.Ic choose-client
+.Op Fl F Ar format
+.Op Fl t Ar target-window
+.Op Ar template
+.Xc
+Put a window into client choice mode, allowing a client to be selected
+interactively from a list.
+After a client is chosen,
+.Ql %%
+is replaced by the client
+.Xr pty 4
+path in
+.Ar template
+and the result executed as a command.
+If
+.Ar template
+is not given, "detach-client -t '%%'" is used.
+For the meaning of the
+.Fl F
+flag, see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+section.
+This command works only if at least one client is attached.
+.It Xo
+.Ic choose-list
+.Op Fl l Ar items
+.Op Fl t Ar target-window
+.Op Ar template
+.Xc
+Put a window into list choice mode, allowing
+.Ar items
+to be selected.
+.Ar items
+can be a comma-separated list to display more than one item.
+If an item has spaces, that entry must be quoted.
+After an item is chosen,
+.Ql %%
+is replaced by the chosen item in the
+.Ar template
+and the result is executed as a command.
+If
+.Ar template
+is not given, "run-shell '%%'" is used.
+.Ar items
+also accepts format specifiers.
+For the meaning of this see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+section.
+This command works only if at least one client is attached.
+.It Xo
+.Ic choose-session
+.Op Fl F Ar format
+.Op Fl t Ar target-window
+.Op Ar template
+.Xc
+Put a window into session choice mode, where a session may be selected
+interactively from a list.
+When one is chosen,
+.Ql %%
+is replaced by the session name in
+.Ar template
+and the result executed as a command.
+If
+.Ar template
+is not given, "switch-client -t '%%'" is used.
+For the meaning of the
+.Fl F
+flag, see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+section.
+This command works only if at least one client is attached.
+.It Xo
+.Ic choose-tree
+.Op Fl suw
+.Op Fl b Ar session-template
+.Op Fl c Ar window-template
+.Op Fl S Ar format
+.Op Fl W Ar format
+.Op Fl t Ar target-window
+.Xc
+Put a window into tree choice mode, where either sessions or windows may be
+selected interactively from a list.
+By default, windows belonging to a session are indented to show their
+relationship to a session.
+.Pp
+Note that the
+.Ic choose-window
+and
+.Ic choose-session
+commands are wrappers around
+.Ic choose-tree .
+.Pp
+If
+.Fl s
+is given, will show sessions.
+If
+.Fl w
+is given, will show windows.
+.Pp
+By default, the tree is collapsed and sessions must be expanded to windows
+with the right arrow key.
+The
+.Fl u
+option will start with all sessions expanded instead.
+.Pp
+If
+.Fl b
+is given, will override the default session command.
+Note that
+.Ql %%
+can be used and will be replaced with the session name.
+The default option if not specified is "switch-client -t '%%'".
+If
+.Fl c
+is given, will override the default window command.
+Like<