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2020-04-15ext4: use non-movable memory for superblock readaheadRoman Gushchin
Since commit a8ac900b8163 ("ext4: use non-movable memory for the superblock") buffers for ext4 superblock were allocated using the sb_bread_unmovable() helper which allocated buffer heads out of non-movable memory blocks. It was necessarily to not block page migrations and do not cause cma allocation failures. However commit 85c8f176a611 ("ext4: preload block group descriptors") broke this by introducing pre-reading of the ext4 superblock. The problem is that __breadahead() is using __getblk() underneath, which allocates buffer heads out of movable memory. It resulted in page migration failures I've seen on a machine with an ext4 partition and a preallocated cma area. Fix this by introducing sb_breadahead_unmovable() and __breadahead_gfp() helpers which use non-movable memory for buffer head allocations and use them for the ext4 superblock readahead. Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca> Fixes: 85c8f176a611 ("ext4: preload block group descriptors") Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200229001411.128010-1-guro@fb.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-04-15ext4: use matching invalidatepage in ext4_writepageyangerkun
Run generic/388 with journal data mode sometimes may trigger the warning in ext4_invalidatepage. Actually, we should use the matching invalidatepage in ext4_writepage. Signed-off-by: yangerkun <yangerkun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200226041002.13914-1-yangerkun@huawei.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-04-01ext4: save all error info in save_error_info() and drop ext4_set_errno()Theodore Ts'o
Using a separate function, ext4_set_errno() to set the errno is problematic because it doesn't do the right thing once s_last_error_errorcode is non-zero. It's also less racy to set all of the error information all at once. (Also, as a bonus, it shrinks code size slightly.) Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200329020404.686965-1-tytso@mit.edu Fixes: 878520ac45f9 ("ext4: save the error code which triggered...") Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-03-14ext4: make ext4_ind_map_blocks work with fiemapRitesh Harjani
For indirect block mapping if the i_block > max supported block in inode then ext4_ind_map_blocks() returns a -EIO error. But in case of fiemap this could be a valid query to ->iomap_begin call. So check if the offset >= s_bitmap_maxbytes in ext4_iomap_begin_report(), then simply skip calling ext4_map_blocks(). Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/87fa0ddc5967fa707656212a3b66a7233425325c.1582880246.git.riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-03-14ext4: move ext4 bmap to use iomap infrastructureRitesh Harjani
ext4_iomap_begin is already implemented which provides ext4_map_blocks, so just move the API from generic_block_bmap to iomap_bmap for iomap conversion. Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/8bbd53bd719d5ccfecafcce93f2bf1d7955a44af.1582880246.git.riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-03-14ext4: add IOMAP_F_MERGED for non-extent based mappingRitesh Harjani
IOMAP_F_MERGED needs to be set in case of non-extent based mapping. This is needed in later patches for conversion of ext4_fiemap to use iomap. Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/a4764c91c08c16d4d4a4b36defb2a08625b0e9b3.1582880246.git.riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-03-05ext4: fix a data race at inode->i_disksizeQiujun Huang
KCSAN find inode->i_disksize could be accessed concurrently. BUG: KCSAN: data-race in ext4_mark_iloc_dirty / ext4_write_end write (marked) to 0xffff8b8932f40090 of 8 bytes by task 66792 on cpu 0: ext4_write_end+0x53f/0x5b0 ext4_da_write_end+0x237/0x510 generic_perform_write+0x1c4/0x2a0 ext4_buffered_write_iter+0x13a/0x210 ext4_file_write_iter+0xe2/0x9b0 new_sync_write+0x29c/0x3a0 __vfs_write+0x92/0xa0 vfs_write+0xfc/0x2a0 ksys_write+0xe8/0x140 __x64_sys_write+0x4c/0x60 do_syscall_64+0x8a/0x2a0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9 read to 0xffff8b8932f40090 of 8 bytes by task 14414 on cpu 1: ext4_mark_iloc_dirty+0x716/0x1190 ext4_mark_inode_dirty+0xc9/0x360 ext4_convert_unwritten_extents+0x1bc/0x2a0 ext4_convert_unwritten_io_end_vec+0xc5/0x150 ext4_put_io_end+0x82/0x130 ext4_writepages+0xae7/0x16f0 do_writepages+0x64/0x120 __writeback_single_inode+0x7d/0x650 writeback_sb_inodes+0x3a4/0x860 __writeback_inodes_wb+0xc4/0x150 wb_writeback+0x43f/0x510 wb_workfn+0x3b2/0x8a0 process_one_work+0x39b/0x7e0 worker_thread+0x88/0x650 kthread+0x1d4/0x1f0 ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40 The plain read is outside of inode->i_data_sem critical section which results in a data race. Fix it by adding READ_ONCE(). Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1582556566-3909-1-git-send-email-hqjagain@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-03-05ext4: fix a data race at inode->i_blocksQian Cai
inode->i_blocks could be accessed concurrently as noticed by KCSAN, BUG: KCSAN: data-race in ext4_do_update_inode [ext4] / inode_add_bytes write to 0xffff9a00d4b982d0 of 8 bytes by task 22100 on cpu 118: inode_add_bytes+0x65/0xf0 __inode_add_bytes at fs/stat.c:689 (inlined by) inode_add_bytes at fs/stat.c:702 ext4_mb_new_blocks+0x418/0xca0 [ext4] ext4_ext_map_blocks+0x1a6b/0x27b0 [ext4] ext4_map_blocks+0x1a9/0x950 [ext4] _ext4_get_block+0xfc/0x270 [ext4] ext4_get_block_unwritten+0x33/0x50 [ext4] __block_write_begin_int+0x22e/0xae0 __block_write_begin+0x39/0x50 ext4_write_begin+0x388/0xb50 [ext4] ext4_da_write_begin+0x35f/0x8f0 [ext4] generic_perform_write+0x15d/0x290 ext4_buffered_write_iter+0x11f/0x210 [ext4] ext4_file_write_iter+0xce/0x9e0 [ext4] new_sync_write+0x29c/0x3b0 __vfs_write+0x92/0xa0 vfs_write+0x103/0x260 ksys_write+0x9d/0x130 __x64_sys_write+0x4c/0x60 do_syscall_64+0x91/0xb05 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe read to 0xffff9a00d4b982d0 of 8 bytes by task 8 on cpu 65: ext4_do_update_inode+0x4a0/0xf60 [ext4] ext4_inode_blocks_set at fs/ext4/inode.c:4815 ext4_mark_iloc_dirty+0xaf/0x160 [ext4] ext4_mark_inode_dirty+0x129/0x3e0 [ext4] ext4_convert_unwritten_extents+0x253/0x2d0 [ext4] ext4_convert_unwritten_io_end_vec+0xc5/0x150 [ext4] ext4_end_io_rsv_work+0x22c/0x350 [ext4] process_one_work+0x54f/0xb90 worker_thread+0x80/0x5f0 kthread+0x1cd/0x1f0 ret_from_fork+0x27/0x50 4 locks held by kworker/u256:0/8: #0: ffff9a025abc4328 ((wq_completion)ext4-rsv-conversion){+.+.}, at: process_one_work+0x443/0xb90 #1: ffffab5a862dbe20 ((work_completion)(&ei->i_rsv_conversion_work)){+.+.}, at: process_one_work+0x443/0xb90 #2: ffff9a025a9d0f58 (jbd2_handle){++++}, at: start_this_handle+0x1c1/0x9d0 [jbd2] #3: ffff9a00d4b985d8 (&(&ei->i_raw_lock)->rlock){+.+.}, at: ext4_do_update_inode+0xaa/0xf60 [ext4] irq event stamp: 3009267 hardirqs last enabled at (3009267): [<ffffffff980da9b7>] __find_get_block+0x107/0x790 hardirqs last disabled at (3009266): [<ffffffff980da8f9>] __find_get_block+0x49/0x790 softirqs last enabled at (3009230): [<ffffffff98a0034c>] __do_softirq+0x34c/0x57c softirqs last disabled at (3009223): [<ffffffff97cc67a2>] irq_exit+0xa2/0xc0 Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on: CPU: 65 PID: 8 Comm: kworker/u256:0 Tainted: G L 5.6.0-rc2-next-20200221+ #7 Hardware name: HPE ProLiant DL385 Gen10/ProLiant DL385 Gen10, BIOS A40 07/10/2019 Workqueue: ext4-rsv-conversion ext4_end_io_rsv_work [ext4] The plain read is outside of inode->i_lock critical section which results in a data race. Fix it by adding READ_ONCE() there. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200222043258.2279-1-cai@lca.pw Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Cc: stable@kernel.org
2020-03-05ext4: remove EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL and associated codeEric Whitney
The EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL inode flag is used to indicate whether a file contains unwritten blocks past i_size. It's set when ext4_fallocate is called with the KEEP_SIZE flag to extend a file with an unwritten extent. However, this flag hasn't been useful functionally since March, 2012, when a decision was made to remove it from ext4. All traces of EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL were removed from e2fsprogs version 1.42.2 by commit 010dc7b90d97 ("e2fsck: remove EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL flag handling") at that time. Now that enough time has passed to make e2fsprogs versions containing this modification common, this patch now removes the code associated with EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL from the kernel as well. This change has two implications. First, because pre-1.42.2 e2fsck versions only look for a problem if EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL is set, and because that bit will never be set by newer kernels containing this patch, old versions of e2fsck won't have a compatibility problem with files created by newer kernels. Second, newer kernels will not clear EXT4_EOFBLOCKS_FL inode flag bits belonging to a file written by an older kernel. If set, it will remain in that state until the file is deleted. Because e2fsck versions since 1.42.2 don't check the flag at all, no adverse effect is expected. However, pre-1.42.2 e2fsck versions that do check the flag may report that it is set when it ought not to be after a file has been truncated or had its unwritten blocks written. In this case, the old version of e2fsck will offer to clear the flag. No adverse effect would then occur whether the user chooses to clear the flag or not. Signed-off-by: Eric Whitney <enwlinux@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200211210216.24960-1-enwlinux@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-02-21ext4: rename s_journal_flag_rwsem to s_writepages_rwsemEric Biggers
In preparation for making s_journal_flag_rwsem synchronize ext4_writepages() with changes to both the EXTENTS and JOURNAL_DATA flags (rather than just JOURNAL_DATA as it does currently), rename it to s_writepages_rwsem. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200219183047.47417-2-ebiggers@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: stable@kernel.org
2020-02-19ext4: fix a data race in EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksizeQian Cai
EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize could be accessed concurrently as noticed by KCSAN, BUG: KCSAN: data-race in ext4_write_end [ext4] / ext4_writepages [ext4] write to 0xffff91c6713b00f8 of 8 bytes by task 49268 on cpu 127: ext4_write_end+0x4e3/0x750 [ext4] ext4_update_i_disksize at fs/ext4/ext4.h:3032 (inlined by) ext4_update_inode_size at fs/ext4/ext4.h:3046 (inlined by) ext4_write_end at fs/ext4/inode.c:1287 generic_perform_write+0x208/0x2a0 ext4_buffered_write_iter+0x11f/0x210 [ext4] ext4_file_write_iter+0xce/0x9e0 [ext4] new_sync_write+0x29c/0x3b0 __vfs_write+0x92/0xa0 vfs_write+0x103/0x260 ksys_write+0x9d/0x130 __x64_sys_write+0x4c/0x60 do_syscall_64+0x91/0xb47 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe read to 0xffff91c6713b00f8 of 8 bytes by task 24872 on cpu 37: ext4_writepages+0x10ac/0x1d00 [ext4] mpage_map_and_submit_extent at fs/ext4/inode.c:2468 (inlined by) ext4_writepages at fs/ext4/inode.c:2772 do_writepages+0x5e/0x130 __writeback_single_inode+0xeb/0xb20 writeback_sb_inodes+0x429/0x900 __writeback_inodes_wb+0xc4/0x150 wb_writeback+0x4bd/0x870 wb_workfn+0x6b4/0x960 process_one_work+0x54c/0xbe0 worker_thread+0x80/0x650 kthread+0x1e0/0x200 ret_from_fork+0x27/0x50 Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on: CPU: 37 PID: 24872 Comm: kworker/u261:2 Tainted: G W O L 5.5.0-next-20200204+ #5 Hardware name: HPE ProLiant DL385 Gen10/ProLiant DL385 Gen10, BIOS A40 07/10/2019 Workqueue: writeback wb_workfn (flush-7:0) Since only the read is operating as lockless (outside of the "i_data_sem"), load tearing could introduce a logic bug. Fix it by adding READ_ONCE() for the read and WRITE_ONCE() for the write. Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1581085751-31793-1-git-send-email-cai@lca.pw Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Cc: stable@kernel.org
2020-02-16Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus_stable' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4 Pull ext4 fixes from Ted Ts'o: "Miscellaneous ext4 bug fixes (all stable fodder)" * tag 'ext4_for_linus_stable' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: ext4: improve explanation of a mount failure caused by a misconfigured kernel jbd2: do not clear the BH_Mapped flag when forgetting a metadata buffer jbd2: move the clearing of b_modified flag to the journal_unmap_buffer() ext4: add cond_resched() to ext4_protect_reserved_inode ext4: fix checksum errors with indexed dirs ext4: fix support for inode sizes > 1024 bytes ext4: simplify checking quota limits in ext4_statfs() ext4: don't assume that mmp_nodename/bdevname have NUL
2020-02-13ext4: fix checksum errors with indexed dirsJan Kara
DIR_INDEX has been introduced as a compat ext4 feature. That means that even kernels / tools that don't understand the feature may modify the filesystem. This works because for kernels not understanding indexed dir format, internal htree nodes appear just as empty directory entries. Index dir aware kernels then check the htree structure is still consistent before using the data. This all worked reasonably well until metadata checksums were introduced. The problem is that these effectively made DIR_INDEX only ro-compatible because internal htree nodes store checksums in a different place than normal directory blocks. Thus any modification ignorant to DIR_INDEX (or just clearing EXT4_INDEX_FL from the inode) will effectively cause checksum mismatch and trigger kernel errors. So we have to be more careful when dealing with indexed directories on filesystems with checksumming enabled. 1) We just disallow loading any directory inodes with EXT4_INDEX_FL when DIR_INDEX is not enabled. This is harsh but it should be very rare (it means someone disabled DIR_INDEX on existing filesystem and didn't run e2fsck), e2fsck can fix the problem, and we don't want to answer the difficult question: "Should we rather corrupt the directory more or should we ignore that DIR_INDEX feature is not set?" 2) When we find out htree structure is corrupted (but the filesystem and the directory should in support htrees), we continue just ignoring htree information for reading but we refuse to add new entries to the directory to avoid corrupting it more. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200210144316.22081-1-jack@suse.cz Fixes: dbe89444042a ("ext4: Calculate and verify checksums for htree nodes") Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca> Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Cc: stable@kernel.org
2020-02-11Merge tag 'dax-fixes-5.6-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm Pull dax fixes from Dan Williams: "A fix for an xfstest failure and some and an update that removes an fsdax dependency on block devices. Summary: - Fix RWF_NOWAIT writes to properly return -EAGAIN - Clean up an unused helper - Update dax_writeback_mapping_range to not need a block_device argument" * tag 'dax-fixes-5.6-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm: dax: pass NOWAIT flag to iomap_apply dax: Get rid of fs_dax_get_by_host() helper dax: Pass dax_dev instead of bdev to dax_writeback_mapping_range()
2020-01-17ext4: remove unused macro MPAGE_DA_EXTENT_TAILRitesh Harjani
Remove unused macro MPAGE_DA_EXTENT_TAIL which is no more used after below commit 4e7ea81d ("ext4: restructure writeback path") Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200101095137.25656-1-riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-01-17ext4: remove redundant S_ISREG() checks from ext4_fallocate()Eric Biggers
ext4_fallocate() is only used in the file_operations for regular files. Also, the VFS only allows fallocate() on regular files and block devices, but block devices always use blkdev_fallocate(). For both of these reasons, S_ISREG() is always true in ext4_fallocate(). Therefore the S_ISREG() checks in ext4_zero_range(), ext4_collapse_range(), ext4_insert_range(), and ext4_punch_hole() are redundant. Remove them. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191231180444.46586-4-ebiggers@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
2020-01-17ext4: only use fscrypt_zeroout_range() on regular filesEric Biggers
fscrypt_zeroout_range() is only for encrypted regular files, not for encrypted directories or symlinks. Fortunately, currently it seems it's never called on non-regular files. But to be safe ext4 should explicitly check S_ISREG() before calling it. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191226161022.53490-1-ebiggers@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-01-17ext4: handle decryption error in __ext4_block_zero_page_range()Eric Biggers
fscrypt_decrypt_pagecache_blocks() can fail, because it uses skcipher_request_alloc(), which uses kmalloc(), which can fail; and also because it calls crypto_skcipher_decrypt(), which can fail depending on the driver that actually implements the crypto. Therefore it's not appropriate to WARN on decryption error in __ext4_block_zero_page_range(). Remove the WARN and just handle the error instead. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191226154105.4704-1-ebiggers@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-01-17ext4: avoid fetching btime in ext4_getattr() unless requestedTheodore Ts'o
Linus observed that an allmodconfig build which does a lot of stat(2) calls that ext4_getattr() was a noticeable (1%) amount of CPU time, due to the cache line for i_extra_isize getting pulled in. Since the normal stat system call doesn't return btime, it's a complete waste. So only calculate btime when it is explicitly requested. [ Fixed to check against request_mask instead of query_flags. ] Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAHk-=wivmk_j6KbTX+Er64mLrG8abXZo0M10PNdAnHc8fWXfsQ@mail.gmail.com Reported-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2020-01-03dax: Pass dax_dev instead of bdev to dax_writeback_mapping_range()Vivek Goyal
As of now dax_writeback_mapping_range() takes "struct block_device" as a parameter and dax_dev is searched from bdev name. This also involves taking a fresh reference on dax_dev and putting that reference at the end of function. We are developing a new filesystem virtio-fs and using dax to access host page cache directly. But there is no block device. IOW, we want to make use of dax but want to get rid of this assumption that there is always a block device associated with dax_dev. So pass in "struct dax_device" as parameter instead of bdev. ext2/ext4/xfs are current users and they already have a reference on dax_device. So there is no need to take reference and drop reference to dax_device on each call of this function. Suggested-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200103183307.GB13350@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
2019-12-26ext4: Optimize ext4 DIO overwritesJan Kara
Currently we start transaction for mapping every extent for writing using direct IO. This is unnecessary when we know we are overwriting already allocated blocks and the overhead of starting a transaction can be significant especially for multithreaded workloads doing small writes. Use iomap operations that avoid starting a transaction for direct IO overwrites. This improves throughput of 4k random writes - fio jobfile: [global] rw=randrw norandommap=1 invalidate=0 bs=4k numjobs=16 time_based=1 ramp_time=30 runtime=120 group_reporting=1 ioengine=psync direct=1 size=16G filename=file1.0.0:file1.0.1:file1.0.2:file1.0.3:file1.0.4:file1.0.5:file1.0.6:file1.0.7:file1.0.8:file1.0.9:file1.0.10:file1.0.11:file1.0.12:file1.0.13:file1.0.14:file1.0.15:file1.0.16:file1.0.17:file1.0.18:file1.0.19:file1.0.20:file1.0.21:file1.0.22:file1.0.23:file1.0.24:file1.0.25:file1.0.26:file1.0.27:file1.0.28:file1.0.29:file1.0.30:file1.0.31 file_service_type=random nrfiles=32 from 3018MB/s to 4059MB/s in my test VM running test against simulated pmem device (note that before iomap conversion, this workload was able to achieve 3708MB/s because old direct IO path avoided transaction start for overwrites as well). For dax, the win is even larger improving throughput from 3042MB/s to 4311MB/s. Reported-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191218174433.19380-1-jack@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-12-26ext4: simulate various I/O and checksum errors when reading metadataTheodore Ts'o
This allows us to test various error handling code paths Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191209012317.59398-1-tytso@mit.edu Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-12-26ext4: save the error code which triggered an ext4_error() in the superblockTheodore Ts'o
This allows the cause of an ext4_error() report to be categorized based on whether it was triggered due to an I/O error, or an memory allocation error, or other possible causes. Most errors are caused by a detected file system inconsistency, so the default code stored in the superblock will be EXT4_ERR_EFSCORRUPTED. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191204032335.7683-1-tytso@mit.edu Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-12-22Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus_stable' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4 Pull ext4 bug fixes from Ted Ts'o: "Ext4 bug fixes, including a regression fix" * tag 'ext4_for_linus_stable' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: ext4: clarify impact of 'commit' mount option ext4: fix unused-but-set-variable warning in ext4_add_entry() jbd2: fix kernel-doc notation warning ext4: use RCU API in debug_print_tree ext4: validate the debug_want_extra_isize mount option at parse time ext4: reserve revoke credits in __ext4_new_inode ext4: unlock on error in ext4_expand_extra_isize() ext4: optimize __ext4_check_dir_entry() ext4: check for directory entries too close to block end ext4: fix ext4_empty_dir() for directories with holes
2019-12-14ext4: unlock on error in ext4_expand_extra_isize()Dan Carpenter
We need to unlock the xattr before returning on this error path. Cc: stable@kernel.org # 4.13 Fixes: c03b45b853f5 ("ext4, project: expand inode extra size if possible") Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191213185010.6k7yl2tck3wlsdkt@kili.mountain Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-30Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4 Pull ext4 updates from Ted Ts'o: "This merge window saw the the following new featuers added to ext4: - Direct I/O via iomap (required the iomap-for-next branch from Darrick as a prereq). - Support for using dioread-nolock where the block size < page size. - Support for encryption for file systems where the block size < page size. - Rework of journal credits handling so a revoke-heavy workload will not cause the journal to run out of space. - Replace bit-spinlocks with spinlocks in jbd2 Also included were some bug fixes and cleanups, mostly to clean up corner cases from fuzzed file systems and error path handling" * tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (59 commits) ext4: work around deleting a file with i_nlink == 0 safely ext4: add more paranoia checking in ext4_expand_extra_isize handling jbd2: make jbd2_handle_buffer_credits() handle reserved handles ext4: fix a bug in ext4_wait_for_tail_page_commit ext4: bio_alloc with __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM never fails ext4: code cleanup for get_next_id ext4: fix leak of quota reservations ext4: remove unused variable warning in parse_options() ext4: Enable encryption for subpage-sized blocks fs/buffer.c: support fscrypt in block_read_full_page() ext4: Add error handling for io_end_vec struct allocation jbd2: Fine tune estimate of necessary descriptor blocks jbd2: Provide trace event for handle restarts ext4: Reserve revoke credits for freed blocks jbd2: Make credit checking more strict jbd2: Rename h_buffer_credits to h_total_credits jbd2: Reserve space for revoke descriptor blocks jbd2: Drop jbd2_space_needed() jbd2: Account descriptor blocks into t_outstanding_credits jbd2: Factor out common parts of stopping and restarting a handle ...
2019-11-30Merge tag 'iomap-5.5-merge-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linuxLinus Torvalds
Pull iomap updates from Darrick Wong: "In this release, we hoisted as much of XFS' writeback code into iomap as was practicable, refactored the unshare file data function, added the ability to perform buffered io copy on write, and tweaked various parts of the directio implementation as needed to port ext4's directio code (that will be a separate pull). Summary: - Make iomap_dio_rw callers explicitly tell us if they want us to wait - Port the xfs writeback code to iomap to complete the buffered io library functions - Refactor the unshare code to share common pieces - Add support for performing copy on write with buffered writes - Other minor fixes - Fix unchecked return in iomap_bmap - Fix a type casting bug in a ternary statement in iomap_dio_bio_actor - Improve tracepoints for easier diagnostic ability - Fix pipe page leakage in directio reads" * tag 'iomap-5.5-merge-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux: (31 commits) iomap: Fix pipe page leakage during splicing iomap: trace iomap_appply results iomap: fix return value of iomap_dio_bio_actor on 32bit systems iomap: iomap_bmap should check iomap_apply return value iomap: Fix overflow in iomap_page_mkwrite fs/iomap: remove redundant check in iomap_dio_rw() iomap: use a srcmap for a read-modify-write I/O iomap: renumber IOMAP_HOLE to 0 iomap: use write_begin to read pages to unshare iomap: move the zeroing case out of iomap_read_page_sync iomap: ignore non-shared or non-data blocks in xfs_file_dirty iomap: always use AOP_FLAG_NOFS in iomap_write_begin iomap: remove the unused iomap argument to __iomap_write_end iomap: better document the IOMAP_F_* flags iomap: enhance writeback error message iomap: pass a struct page to iomap_finish_page_writeback iomap: cleanup iomap_ioend_compare iomap: move struct iomap_page out of iomap.h iomap: warn on inline maps in iomap_writepage_map iomap: lift the xfs writeback code to iomap ...
2019-11-19Merge branch 'tt/misc' into devTheodore Ts'o
2019-11-19ext4: add more paranoia checking in ext4_expand_extra_isize handlingTheodore Ts'o
It's possible to specify a non-zero s_want_extra_isize via debugging option, and this can cause bad things(tm) to happen when using a file system with an inode size of 128 bytes. Add better checking when the file system is mounted, as well as when we are actually doing the trying to do the inode expansion. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191110121510.GH23325@mit.edu Reported-by: syzbot+f8d6f8386ceacdbfff57@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Reported-by: syzbot+33d7ea72e47de3bdf4e1@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Reported-by: syzbot+44b6763edfc17144296f@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Cc: stable@kernel.org
2019-11-14ext4: fix a bug in ext4_wait_for_tail_page_commityangerkun
No need to wait for any commit once the page is fully truncated. Besides, it may confuse e.g. concurrent ext4_writepage() with the page still be dirty (will be cleared by truncate_pagecache() in ext4_setattr()) but buffers has been freed; and then trigger a bug show as below: [ 26.057508] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 26.058531] kernel BUG at fs/ext4/inode.c:2134! ... [ 26.088130] Call trace: [ 26.088695] ext4_writepage+0x914/0xb28 [ 26.089541] writeout.isra.4+0x1b4/0x2b8 [ 26.090409] move_to_new_page+0x3b0/0x568 [ 26.091338] __unmap_and_move+0x648/0x988 [ 26.092241] unmap_and_move+0x48c/0xbb8 [ 26.093096] migrate_pages+0x220/0xb28 [ 26.093945] kernel_mbind+0x828/0xa18 [ 26.094791] __arm64_sys_mbind+0xc8/0x138 [ 26.095716] el0_svc_common+0x190/0x490 [ 26.096571] el0_svc_handler+0x60/0xd0 [ 26.097423] el0_svc+0x8/0xc Run the procedure (generate by syzkaller) parallel with ext3. void main() { int fd, fd1, ret; void *addr; size_t length = 4096; int flags; off_t offset = 0; char *str = "12345"; fd = open("a", O_RDWR | O_CREAT); assert(fd >= 0); /* Truncate to 4k */ ret = ftruncate(fd, length); assert(ret == 0); /* Journal data mode */ flags = 0xc00f; ret = ioctl(fd, _IOW('f', 2, long), &flags); assert(ret == 0); /* Truncate to 0 */ fd1 = open("a", O_TRUNC | O_NOATIME); assert(fd1 >= 0); addr = mmap(NULL, length, PROT_WRITE | PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, offset); assert(addr != (void *)-1); memcpy(addr, str, 5); mbind(addr, length, 0, 0, 0, MPOL_MF_MOVE); } And the bug will be triggered once we seen the below order. reproduce1 reproduce2 ... | ... truncate to 4k | change to journal data mode | | memcpy(set page dirty) truncate to 0: | ext4_setattr: | ... | ext4_wait_for_tail_page_commit | | mbind(trigger bug) truncate_pagecache(clean dirty)| ... ... | mbind will call ext4_writepage() since the page still be dirty, and then report the bug since the buffers has been free. Fix it by return directly once offset equals to 0 which means the page has been fully truncated. Reported-by: Hulk Robot <hulkci@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: yangerkun <yangerkun@huawei.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190919063508.1045-1-yangerkun@huawei.com Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-13ext4: support STATX_ATTR_VERITYEric Biggers
Set the STATX_ATTR_VERITY bit when the statx() system call is used on a verity file on ext4. Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
2019-11-10ext4: Add error handling for io_end_vec struct allocationRitesh Harjani
This patch adds the error handling in case of any memory allocation failure for io_end_vec. This was missing in original patch series which enables dioread_nolock for blocksize < pagesize. Fixes: c8cc88163f40 ("ext4: Add support for blocksize < pagesize in dioread_nolock") Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191106093809.10673-1-riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05Merge branch 'mb/dio' into masterTheodore Ts'o
2019-11-05Merge branch 'jk/jbd2-revoke-overflow'Theodore Ts'o
2019-11-05ext4: Reserve revoke credits for freed blocksJan Kara
So far we have reserved only relatively high fixed amount of revoke credits for each transaction. We over-reserved by large amount for most cases but when freeing large directories or files with data journalling, the fixed amount is not enough. In fact the worst case estimate is inconveniently large (maximum extent size) for freeing of one extent. We fix this by doing proper estimate of the amount of blocks that need to be revoked when removing blocks from the inode due to truncate or hole punching and otherwise reserve just a small amount of revoke credits for each transaction to accommodate freeing of xattrs block or so. Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191105164437.32602-23-jack@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: Provide function to handle transaction restartsJan Kara
Provide ext4_journal_ensure_credits_fn() function to ensure transaction has given amount of credits and call helper function to prepare for restarting a transaction. This allows to remove some boilerplate code from various places, add proper error handling for the case where transaction extension or restart fails, and reduces following changes needed for proper revoke record reservation tracking. Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191105164437.32602-10-jack@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: Use ext4_journal_extend() instead of jbd2_journal_extend()Jan Kara
Use ext4 helper ext4_journal_extend() instead of opencoding it in ext4_try_to_expand_extra_isize(). Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191105164437.32602-8-jack@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: Fix credit estimate for final inode freeingJan Kara
Estimate for the number of credits needed for final freeing of inode in ext4_evict_inode() was to small. We may modify 4 blocks (inode & sb for orphan deletion, bitmap & group descriptor for inode freeing) and not just 3. [ Fixed minor whitespace nit. -- TYT ] Fixes: e50e5129f384 ("ext4: xattr-in-inode support") CC: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191105164437.32602-6-jack@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: introduce direct I/O write using iomap infrastructureMatthew Bobrowski
This patch introduces a new direct I/O write path which makes use of the iomap infrastructure. All direct I/O writes are now passed from the ->write_iter() callback through to the new direct I/O handler ext4_dio_write_iter(). This function is responsible for calling into the iomap infrastructure via iomap_dio_rw(). Code snippets from the existing direct I/O write code within ext4_file_write_iter() such as, checking whether the I/O request is unaligned asynchronous I/O, or whether the write will result in an overwrite have effectively been moved out and into the new direct I/O ->write_iter() handler. The block mapping flags that are eventually passed down to ext4_map_blocks() from the *_get_block_*() suite of routines have been taken out and introduced within ext4_iomap_alloc(). For inode extension cases, ext4_handle_inode_extension() is effectively the function responsible for performing such metadata updates. This is called after iomap_dio_rw() has returned so that we can safely determine whether we need to potentially truncate any allocated blocks that may have been prepared for this direct I/O write. We don't perform the inode extension, or truncate operations from the ->end_io() handler as we don't have the original I/O 'length' available there. The ->end_io() however is responsible fo converting allocated unwritten extents to written extents. In the instance of a short write, we fallback and complete the remainder of the I/O using buffered I/O via ext4_buffered_write_iter(). The existing buffer_head direct I/O implementation has been removed as it's now redundant. [ Fix up ext4_dio_write_iter() per Jan's comments at https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191105135932.GN22379@quack2.suse.cz -- TYT ] Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/e55db6f12ae6ff017f36774135e79f3e7b0333da.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: move inode extension check out from ext4_iomap_alloc()Matthew Bobrowski
Lift the inode extension/orphan list handling code out from ext4_iomap_alloc() and apply it within the ext4_dax_write_iter(). Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/fd5c84db25d5d0da87d97ed4c36fd844f57da759.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: move inode extension/truncate code out from ->iomap_end() callbackMatthew Bobrowski
In preparation for implementing the iomap direct I/O modifications, the inode extension/truncate code needs to be moved out from the ext4_iomap_end() callback. For direct I/O, if the current code remained, it would behave incorrrectly. Updating the inode size prior to converting unwritten extents would potentially allow a racing direct I/O read to find unwritten extents before being converted correctly. The inode extension/truncate code now resides within a new helper ext4_handle_inode_extension(). This function has been designed so that it can accommodate for both DAX and direct I/O extension/truncate operations. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/d41ffa26e20b15b12895812c3cad7c91a6a59bc6.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: introduce direct I/O read using iomap infrastructureMatthew Bobrowski
This patch introduces a new direct I/O read path which makes use of the iomap infrastructure. The new function ext4_do_read_iter() is responsible for calling into the iomap infrastructure via iomap_dio_rw(). If the read operation performed on the inode is not supported, which is checked via ext4_dio_supported(), then we simply fallback and complete the I/O using buffered I/O. Existing direct I/O read code path has been removed, as it is now redundant. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/f98a6f73fadddbfbad0fc5ed04f712ca0b799f37.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: introduce new callback for IOMAP_REPORTMatthew Bobrowski
As part of the ext4_iomap_begin() cleanups that precede this patch, we also split up the IOMAP_REPORT branch into a completely separate ->iomap_begin() callback named ext4_iomap_begin_report(). Again, the raionale for this change is to reduce the overall clutter within ext4_iomap_begin(). Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/5c97a569e26ddb6696e3d3ac9fbde41317e029a0.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: split IOMAP_WRITE branch in ext4_iomap_begin() into helperMatthew Bobrowski
In preparation for porting across the ext4 direct I/O path over to the iomap infrastructure, split up the IOMAP_WRITE branch that's currently within ext4_iomap_begin() into a separate helper ext4_alloc_iomap(). This way, when we add in the necessary code for direct I/O, we don't end up with ext4_iomap_begin() becoming a monstrous twisty maze. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/50eef383add1ea529651640574111076c55aca9f.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: move set iomap routines into a separate helper ext4_set_iomap()Matthew Bobrowski
Separate the iomap field population code that is currently within ext4_iomap_begin() into a separate helper ext4_set_iomap(). The intent of this function is self explanatory, however the rationale behind taking this step is to reeduce the overall clutter that we currently have within the ext4_iomap_begin() callback. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1ea34da65eecffcddffb2386668ae06134e8deaf.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: iomap that extends beyond EOF should be marked dirtyMatthew Bobrowski
This patch addresses what Dave Chinner had discovered and fixed within commit: 7684e2c4384d. This changes does not have any user visible impact for ext4 as none of the current users of ext4_iomap_begin() that extend files depend on IOMAP_F_DIRTY. When doing a direct IO that spans the current EOF, and there are written blocks beyond EOF that extend beyond the current write, the only metadata update that needs to be done is a file size extension. However, we don't mark such iomaps as IOMAP_F_DIRTY to indicate that there is IO completion metadata updates required, and hence we may fail to correctly sync file size extensions made in IO completion when O_DSYNC writes are being used and the hardware supports FUA. Hence when setting IOMAP_F_DIRTY, we need to also take into account whether the iomap spans the current EOF. If it does, then we need to mark it dirty so that IO completion will call generic_write_sync() to flush the inode size update to stable storage correctly. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/8b43ee9ee94bee5328da56ba0909b7d2229ef150.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: update direct I/O read lock pattern for IOCB_NOWAITMatthew Bobrowski
This patch updates the lock pattern in ext4_direct_IO_read() to not block on inode lock in cases of IOCB_NOWAIT direct I/O reads. The locking condition implemented here is similar to that of 942491c9e6d6 ("xfs: fix AIM7 regression"). Fixes: 16c54688592c ("ext4: Allow parallel DIO reads") Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/c5d5e759f91747359fbd2c6f9a36240cf75ad79f.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05ext4: reorder map.m_flags checks within ext4_iomap_begin()Matthew Bobrowski
For the direct I/O changes that follow in this patch series, we need to accommodate for the case where the block mapping flags passed through to ext4_map_blocks() result in m_flags having both EXT4_MAP_MAPPED and EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN bits set. In order for any allocated unwritten extents to be converted correctly in the ->end_io() handler, the iomap->type must be set to IOMAP_UNWRITTEN for cases where the EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN bit has been set within m_flags. Hence the reason why we need to reshuffle this conditional statement around. This change is a no-op for DAX as the block mapping flags passed through to ext4_map_blocks() i.e. EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE_ZERO never results in both EXT4_MAP_MAPPED and EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN being set at once. Signed-off-by: Matthew Bobrowski <mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1309ad80d31a637b2deed55a85283d582a54a26a.1572949325.git.mbobrowski@mbobrowski.org Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
2019-11-05Merge branch 'iomap-for-next' into mb/dioTheodore Ts'o
2019-10-22ext4: Add support for blocksize < pagesize in dioread_nolockRitesh Harjani
This patch adds the support for blocksize < pagesize for dioread_nolock feature. Since in case of blocksize < pagesize, we can have multiple small buffers of page as unwritten extents, we need to maintain a vector of these unwritten extents which needs the conversion after the IO is complete. Thus, we maintain a list of tuple <offset, size> pair (io_end_vec) for this & traverse this list to do the unwritten to written conversion. Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani <riteshh@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191016073711.4141-5-riteshh@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>