refactor: refine the content on the dunning-kruger effect

2 files changed, 10 insertions, 59 deletions

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2ede3de..8b8d2e5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Like this project? Please considering [sponsoring me](https://github.com/sponsor
     * [Conway's Law](#conways-law)
     * [Cunningham's Law](#cunninghams-law)
     * [Dunbar's Number](#dunbars-number)
-    * [Dunning-Kruger Effect](#dunning-kruger-effect)
+    * [The Dunning-Kruger Effect](#the-dunning-kruger-effect)
     * [Fitts' Law](#fitts-law)
     * [Gall's Law](#galls-law)
     * [Goodhart's Law](#goodharts-law)
@@ -220,24 +220,23 @@ See also:
 - [Conway's Law](#conways-law)
 
 
-### Dunning-Kruger Effect
+### The Dunning-Kruger Effect
 
-[Dunning-Kruger Effect on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect)
+[The Dunning-Kruger Effect on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect)
 
-> The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability. It is related to the cognitive bias of illusory superiority and comes from the inability of people to recognize their lack of knowledge. Without the self-awareness of metacognition, people cannot objectively evaluate their competence or incompetence. People experiencing this bias are said to be at the top of "Mount Stupid" (refer to the graph below)-
-
-<img width="500px" alt="Diagram Dunning-Kruger Effect" src="./images/Dunning_Kruger_effect.svg">
+> If you're incompetent, you can't know you're incompetent... The skills you need to produce a right answer are exactly the skills you need to recognize what a right answer is.
+>
+> ([David Dunning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dunning))
 
-To overcome the negative outcome of this effect, one can undergo training in the task to become more competent at it. This training would enable the person to be more aware of their ability to complete the job as well as being aware of the challenges that they would face during that task.
+The Dunning–Kruger effect is a theoretical cognitive bias which was described by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in a 1999 psychological study and paper. The study suggests that people with a low level of ability at a task are likely to overestimate their ability of the task. The proposed reason for this bias is that a sufficient _awareness_ of the complexity of a problem or domain is required for a person to be able to make an informed opinion of their capability to work in that domain.
 
-This effect is applied to the developers in the agile sprints as well. People with low ability (or who are new to the technology) often overestimate their knowledge and pick up more tasks than they can complete (appear to be confident). This overestimation of their ability often results in under-delivery in the sprints. Once these developers undergo technology training in technology, they can estimate their ability correctly.
+The Dunning-Kruger effect has sometimes been used to describe a related, but not necessarily implied effect which could be described as "The less a person understands a domain, the more they are likely to believe they can easily solve problems in that domain, as they are more likely to see the domain as _simple_". This more general effect is highly relevant in technology. It would suggest that people who are less familiar with a domain, such as non-technical team members or less experienced team members, are more likely to _underestimate_ the effort required to solve a problem in this space.
 
-See also:
-* [Illusory superiority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiority)
+As a person's understanding and experience in a domain grows, they may well encounter another effect, which is that they tend to _overestimate_ the ability of _others_ or _underestimate_ their own ability, as they are have become so experienced in the domain. In all cases these effects are _cognitive biases_. As with any bias, an understanding that it may be present will often be sufficient to help avoid the challenges - as when there is awareness of a bias more inputs and opinions can be included to attempt to eliminate these biases. A closely related is the bias of [Illusory superiority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiority).
 
 Real-world examples:
 
-* A Common scenario of this effect could be seen when a new non-technical person estimates the time required by a developer to complete a technical task. Usually, this estimation comes to life by being very ambitious, and it takes longer than the estimated time for developers to complete the job.
+* [Apple vs. FBI: Why This Anti-Terror Hawk Switched Sides](https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/apple-fbi-lindsay-graham/) - In 2016 Senator Lindsey Graham changed his stance on Apple creating a 'backdoor' in their encryption of devices. Initially Graham had been critical of Apple challenging a request to create a 'backdoor', which he saw as necessary to investigate potential terrorist plots. However, by Graham's own admission, as he learned more about the technical complexity of the domain, he realised that he had assumed it to be far more simple than he had realised, and that such a backdoor could have serious negative consequences. This could potentially be considered an example of the Dunning-Kruger effect - a cyber-security expert would likely understand immediately how such a backdoor could be exploited, as they have deep understanding of the domain, a layperson might assume that phone security is more similar to _physical security_ where the practice of having a 'master key' for law enforcement is possible, but this analogy does not apply sufficiently well to describe modern encryption in cyber-security. 
 
 ### Fitts' Law
 
diff --git a/images/Dunning_Kruger_effect.svg b/images/Dunning_Kruger_effect.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 665999c..0000000
--- a/images/Dunning_Kruger_effect.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
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