1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
|
# exa [](https://travis-ci.org/ogham/exa)
[exa](https://the.exa.website/) is a replacement for `ls` written in Rust.
## Rationale
**exa** is a modern replacement for the command-line program `ls` that ships with Unix and Linux operating systems, with more features and better defaults. It uses colours to distinguish file types and metadata. It knows about symlinks, extended attributes, and Git. And it’s **small**, **fast**, and just one **single binary**.
By deliberately making some decisions differently, exa attempts to be a more featureful, more user-friendly version of `ls`.
## Screenshots
## Options
exa’s options are almost, but not quite, entirely unlike `ls`'s.
### Display Options
- **-1**, **--oneline**: display one entry per line
- **-G**, **--grid**: display entries as a grid (default)
- **-l**, **--long**: display extended details and attributes
- **-R**, **--recurse**: recurse into directories
- **-T**, **--tree**: recurse into directories as a tree
- **-x**, **--across**: sort the grid across, rather than downwards
- **-F**, **--classify**: display type indicator by file names
- **--colo[u]r**: when to use terminal colours
- **--colo[u]r-scale**: highlight levels of file sizes distinctly
- **--icons**: display icons
### Filtering Options
- **-a**, **--all**: show hidden and 'dot' files
- **-d**, **--list-dirs**: list directories like regular files
- **-L**, **--level=(depth)**: limit the depth of recursion
- **-r**, **--reverse**: reverse the sort order
- **-s**, **--sort=(field)**: which field to sort by
- **--group-directories-first**: list directories before other files
- **-D**, **--only-dirs**: list only directories
- **--git-ignore**: ignore files mentioned in `.gitignore`
- **-I**, **--ignore-glob=(globs)**: glob patterns (pipe-separated) of files to ignore
Pass the `--all` option twice to also show the `.` and `..` directories.
### Long View Options
These options are available when running with --long (`-l`):
- **-b**, **--binary**: list file sizes with binary prefixes
- **-B**, **--bytes**: list file sizes in bytes, without any prefixes
- **-g**, **--group**: list each file's group
- **-h**, **--header**: add a header row to each column
- **-H**, **--links**: list each file's number of hard links
- **-i**, **--inode**: list each file's inode number
- **-m**, **--modified**: use the modified timestamp field
- **-S**, **--blocks**: list each file's number of file system blocks
- **-t**, **--time=(field)**: which timestamp field to use
- **-u**, **--accessed**: use the accessed timestamp field
- **-U**, **--created**: use the created timestamp field
- **-@**, **--extended**: list each file's extended attributes and sizes
- **--changed**: use the changed timestamp field
- **--git**: list each file's Git status, if tracked or ignored
- **--time-style**: how to format timestamps
- **--no-permissions**: suppress the permissions field
- **--no-filesize**: suppress the filesize field
- **--no-user**: suppress the user field
- **--no-time**: suppress the time field
- Valid **--color** options are **always**, **automatic**, and **never**.
- Valid sort fields are **accessed**, **changed**, **created**, **extension**, **Extension**, **inode**, **modified**, **name**, **Name**, **size**, **type**, and **none**. Fields starting with a capital letter sort uppercase before lowercase. The modified field has the aliases **date**, **time**, and **newest**, while its reverse has the aliases **age** and **oldest**.
- Valid time fields are **modified**, **changed**, **accessed**, and **created**.
- Valid time styles are **default**, **iso**, **long-iso**, and **full-iso**.
## Installation
exa is written in [Rust](http://www.rust-lang.org). You will need rustc version 1.35.0 or higher. The recommended way to install Rust is from the official download page.
Once you have it set up, a simple `make install` will compile exa and install it into `/usr/local/bin`.
exa depends on [libgit2](https://github.com/alexcrichton/git2-rs) for certain features.
If you’re unable to compile libgit2, you can opt out of Git support by running `cargo build --release --no-default-features`.
If you intend to compile for musl you will need to use the flag vendored-openssl if you want to get the Git feature working: `cargo build --release --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --features vendored-openssl,git`
### Cargo Install
If you’re using a recent version of Cargo (0.5.0 or higher), you can use the `cargo install` command:
cargo install exa
or:
cargo install --no-default-features exa
Cargo will build the `exa` binary and place it in `$HOME/.cargo` (this location can be overridden by setting the `--root` option).
### Homebrew
If you're using [homebrew](https://brew.sh/), you can use the `brew install` command:
brew install exa
or:
brew install exa --without-git
[Formulae](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/exa.rb)
### Fedora
You can install the `exa` package from the official Fedora repositories by running:
dnf install exa
### Nix
`exa` is also installable through [the derivation](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/tools/misc/exa/default.nix) using the [nix package manager](https://nixos.org/nix/) by running:
nix-env -i exa
## Testing with Vagrant
exa uses [Vagrant][] to configure virtual machines for testing.
Programs such as exa that are basically interfaces to the system are [notoriously difficult to test][testing]. Although the internal components have unit tests, it’s impossible to do a complete end-to-end test without mandating the current user’s name, the time zone, the locale, and directory structure to test. (And yes, these tests are worth doing. I have missed an edge case on more than one occasion.)
The initial attempt to solve the problem was just to create a directory of “awkward” test cases, run exa on it, and make sure it produced the correct output. But even this output would change if, say, the user’s locale formats dates in a different way. These can be mocked inside the code, but at the cost of making that code more complicated to read and understand.
An alternative solution is to fake *everything*: create a virtual machine with a known state and run the tests on *that*. This is what Vagrant does. Although it takes a while to download and set up, it gives everyone the same development environment to test for any obvious regressions.
[Vagrant]: https://www.vagrantup.com/
[testing]: https://eev.ee/blog/2016/08/22/testing-for-people-who-hate-testing/#troublesome-cases
First, initialise the VM:
host$ vagrant up
The first command downloads the virtual machine image, and then runs our provisioning script, which installs Rust, exa’s dependencies, configures the environment, and generates some awkward files and folders to use as test cases. This takes some time, but it does write to output occasionally. Once this is done, you can SSH in, and build and test:
host$ vagrant ssh
vm$ cd /vagrant
vm$ cargo build
vm$ ./xtests/run
All the tests passed!
### Running without Vagrant
Of course, the drawback of having a standard development environment is that you stop noticing bugs that occur outside of it. For this reason, Vagrant isn’t a *necessary* development step — it’s there if you’d like to use it, but exa still gets used and tested on other platforms. It can still be built and compiled on any target triple that it supports, VM or no VM, with `cargo build` and `cargo test`.
|
