1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
|
.. include:: global.rst.inc
.. _detailed_usage:
Usage
=====
|project_name| consists of a number of commands. Each command accepts
a number of arguments and options. The following sections will describe each
command in detail.
Quiet by default
----------------
Like most UNIX commands |project_name| is quiet by default but the ``-v`` or
``--verbose`` option can be used to get the program to output more status
messages as it is processing.
Return codes
------------
|project_name| can exit with the following return codes (rc):
::
0 no error, normal termination
1 some error occurred (this can be a complete or a partial failure)
128+N killed by signal N (e.g. 137 == kill -9)
Note: we are aware that more distinct return codes might be useful, but it is
not clear yet which return codes should be used for which precise conditions.
See issue #61 for a discussion about that. Depending on the outcome of the
discussion there, return codes may change in future (the only thing rather sure
is that 0 will always mean some sort of success and "not 0" will always mean
some sort of warning / error / failure - but the definition of success might
change).
Environment Variables
---------------------
|project_name| uses some environment variables for automation:
General:
BORG_REPO
When set, use the value to give the default repository location. If a command needs an archive
parameter, you can abbreviate as `::archive`. If a command needs a repository parameter, you
can either leave it away or abbreviate as `::`, if a positional parameter is required.
BORG_PASSPHRASE
When set, use the value to answer the passphrase question for encrypted repositories.
BORG_RSH
When set, use this command instead of ``ssh``.
TMPDIR
where temporary files are stored (might need a lot of temporary space for some operations)
Some "yes" sayers (if set, they automatically confirm that you really want to do X even if there is that warning):
BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK
For "Warning: Attempting to access a previously unknown unencrypted repository"
BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK
For "Warning: The repository at location ... was previously located at ..."
BORG_CHECK_I_KNOW_WHAT_I_AM_DOING
For "Warning: 'check --repair' is an experimental feature that might result in data loss."
Directories:
BORG_KEYS_DIR
Default to '~/.borg/keys'. This directory contains keys for encrypted repositories.
BORG_CACHE_DIR
Default to '~/.cache/borg'. This directory contains the local cache and might need a lot
of space for dealing with big repositories).
Building:
BORG_OPENSSL_PREFIX
Adds given OpenSSL header file directory to the default locations (setup.py).
BORG_LZ4_PREFIX
Adds given LZ4 header file directory to the default locations (setup.py).
Please note:
- be very careful when using the "yes" sayers, the warnings with prompt exist for your / your data's security/safety
- also be very careful when putting your passphrase into a script, make sure it has appropriate file permissions
(e.g. mode 600, root:root).
Resource Usage
--------------
|project_name| might use a lot of resources depending on the size of the data set it is dealing with.
CPU:
It won't go beyond 100% of 1 core as the code is currently single-threaded.
Especially higher zlib and lzma compression levels use significant amounts
of CPU cycles.
Memory (RAM):
The chunks index and the files index are read into memory for performance
reasons.
Compression, esp. lzma compression with high levels might need substantial
amounts of memory.
Temporary files:
Reading data and metadata from a FUSE mounted repository will consume about
the same space as the deduplicated chunks used to represent them in the
repository.
Cache files:
Contains the chunks index and files index (plus a compressed collection of
single-archive chunk indexes).
Chunks index:
Proportional to the amount of data chunks in your repo. Lots of small chunks
in your repo imply a big chunks index. You may need to tweak the chunker
params (see create options) if you have a lot of data and you want to keep
the chunks index at some reasonable size.
Files index:
Proportional to the amount of files in your last backup. Can be switched
off (see create options), but next backup will be much slower if you do.
Network:
If your repository is remote, all deduplicated (and optionally compressed/
encrypted) data of course has to go over the connection (ssh: repo url).
If you use a locally mounted network filesystem, additionally some copy
operations used for transaction support also go over the connection. If
you backup multiple sources to one target repository, additional traffic
happens for cache resynchronization.
In case you are interested in more details, please read the internals documentation.
.. include:: usage/init.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
# Local repository
$ borg init /mnt/backup
# Remote repository (accesses a remote borg via ssh)
$ borg init user@hostname:backup
# Encrypted remote repository, store the key in the repo
$ borg init --encryption=repokey user@hostname:backup
# Encrypted remote repository, store the key your home dir
$ borg init --encryption=keyfile user@hostname:backup
Important notes about encryption:
Use encryption! Repository encryption protects you e.g. against the case that
an attacker has access to your backup repository.
But be careful with the key / the passphrase:
``--encryption=passphrase`` is DEPRECATED and will be removed in next major release.
This mode has very fundamental, unfixable problems (like you can never change
your passphrase or the pbkdf2 iteration count for an existing repository, because
the encryption / decryption key is directly derived from the passphrase).
If you want "passphrase-only" security, just use the ``repokey`` mode. The key will
be stored inside the repository (in its "config" file). In above mentioned
attack scenario, the attacker will have the key (but not the passphrase).
If you want "passphrase and having-the-key" security, use the ``keyfile`` mode.
The key will be stored in your home directory (in ``.borg/keys``). In the attack
scenario, the attacker who has just access to your repo won't have the key (and
also not the passphrase).
Make a backup copy of the key file (``keyfile`` mode) or repo config file
(``repokey`` mode) and keep it at a safe place, so you still have the key in
case it gets corrupted or lost.
The backup that is encrypted with that key won't help you with that, of course.
Make sure you use a good passphrase. Not too short, not too simple. The real
encryption / decryption key is encrypted with / locked by your passphrase.
If an attacker gets your key, he can't unlock and use it without knowing the
passphrase. In ``repokey`` and ``keyfile`` modes, you can change your passphrase
for existing repos.
.. include:: usage/create.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
# Backup ~/Documents into an archive named "my-documents"
$ borg create /mnt/backup::my-documents ~/Documents
# Backup ~/Documents and ~/src but exclude pyc files
$ borg create /mnt/backup::my-files \
~/Documents \
~/src \
--exclude '*.pyc'
# Backup the root filesystem into an archive named "root-YYYY-MM-DD"
NAME="root-`date +%Y-%m-%d`"
$ borg create /mnt/backup::$NAME / --do-not-cross-mountpoints
# Backup huge files with little chunk management overhead
$ borg create --chunker-params 19,23,21,4095 /mnt/backup::VMs /srv/VMs
# Backup a raw device (must not be active/in use/mounted at that time)
$ dd if=/dev/sda bs=10M | borg create /mnt/backup::my-sda -
# No compression (default)
$ borg create /mnt/backup::repo ~
# Super fast, low compression
$ borg create --compression lz4 /mnt/backup::repo ~
# Less fast, higher compression (N = 0..9)
$ borg create --compression zlib,N /mnt/backup::repo ~
# Even slower, even higher compression (N = 0..9)
$ borg create --compression lzma,N /mnt/backup::repo ~
.. include:: usage/extract.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
# Extract entire archive
$ borg extract /mnt/backup::my-files
# Extract entire archive and list files while processing
$ borg extract -v /mnt/backup::my-files
# Extract the "src" directory
$ borg extract /mnt/backup::my-files home/USERNAME/src
# Extract the "src" directory but exclude object files
$ borg extract /mnt/backup::my-files home/USERNAME/src --exclude '*.o'
Note: currently, extract always writes into the current working directory ("."),
so make sure you ``cd`` to the right place before calling ``borg extract``.
.. include:: usage/check.rst.inc
.. include:: usage/delete.rst.inc
.. include:: usage/list.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
$ borg list /mnt/backup
my-files Thu Aug 1 23:33:22 2013
my-documents Thu Aug 1 23:35:43 2013
root-2013-08-01 Thu Aug 1 23:43:55 2013
root-2013-08-02 Fri Aug 2 15:18:17 2013
...
$ borg list /mnt/backup::root-2013-08-02
drwxr-xr-x root root 0 Jun 05 12:06 .
lrwxrwxrwx root root 0 May 31 20:40 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x root root 0 Aug 01 22:08 etc
drwxr-xr-x root root 0 Jul 15 22:07 etc/ImageMagick-6
-rw-r--r-- root root 1383 May 22 22:25 etc/ImageMagick-6/colors.xml
...
.. include:: usage/prune.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
Be careful, prune is potentially dangerous command, it will remove backup
archives.
The default of prune is to apply to **all archives in the repository** unless
you restrict its operation to a subset of the archives using `--prefix`.
When using --prefix, be careful to choose a good prefix - e.g. do not use a
prefix "foo" if you do not also want to match "foobar".
It is strongly recommended to always run `prune --dry-run ...` first so you
will see what it would do without it actually doing anything.
::
# Keep 7 end of day and 4 additional end of week archives.
# Do a dry-run without actually deleting anything.
$ borg prune /mnt/backup --dry-run --keep-daily=7 --keep-weekly=4
# Same as above but only apply to archive names starting with "foo":
$ borg prune /mnt/backup --keep-daily=7 --keep-weekly=4 --prefix=foo
# Keep 7 end of day, 4 additional end of week archives,
# and an end of month archive for every month:
$ borg prune /mnt/backup --keep-daily=7 --keep-weekly=4 --keep-monthly=-1
# Keep all backups in the last 10 days, 4 additional end of week archives,
# and an end of month archive for every month:
$ borg prune /mnt/backup --keep-within=10d --keep-weekly=4 --keep-monthly=-1
.. include:: usage/info.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
$ borg info /mnt/backup::root-2013-08-02
Name: root-2013-08-02
Fingerprint: bc3902e2c79b6d25f5d769b335c5c49331e6537f324d8d3badcb9a0917536dbb
Hostname: myhostname
Username: root
Time: Fri Aug 2 15:18:17 2013
Command line: /usr/bin/borg create --stats /mnt/backup::root-2013-08-02 / --do-not-cross-mountpoints
Number of files: 147429
Original size: 5344169493 (4.98 GB)
Compressed size: 1748189642 (1.63 GB)
Unique data: 64805454 (61.80 MB)
.. include:: usage/mount.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
$ borg mount /mnt/backup::root-2013-08-02 /tmp/mymountpoint
$ ls /tmp/mymountpoint
bin boot etc lib lib64 mnt opt root sbin srv usr var
$ fusermount -u /tmp/mymountpoint
.. include:: usage/change-passphrase.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
# Create a key file protected repository
$ borg init --encryption=keyfile /mnt/backup
Initializing repository at "/mnt/backup"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Key file "/home/USER/.borg/keys/mnt_backup" created.
Keep this file safe. Your data will be inaccessible without it.
# Change key file passphrase
$ borg change-passphrase /mnt/backup
Enter passphrase for key file /home/USER/.borg/keys/mnt_backup:
New passphrase:
Enter same passphrase again:
Key file "/home/USER/.borg/keys/mnt_backup" updated
.. include:: usage/serve.rst.inc
Examples
~~~~~~~~
::
# Allow an SSH keypair to only run |project_name|, and only have access to /mnt/backup.
# This will help to secure an automated remote backup system.
$ cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
command="borg serve --restrict-to-path /mnt/backup" ssh-rsa AAAAB3[...]
Additional Notes
================
Here are misc. notes about topics that are maybe not covered in enough detail in the usage section.
--read-special
--------------
The option --read-special is not intended for normal, filesystem-level (full or
partly-recursive) backups. You only give this option if you want to do something
rather ... special - and if you have hand-picked some files that you want to treat
that way.
`borg create --read-special` will open all files without doing any special treatment
according to the file type (the only exception here are directories: they will be
recursed into). Just imagine what happens if you do `cat filename` - the content
you will see there is what borg will backup for that filename.
So, for example, symlinks will be followed, block device content will be read,
named pipes / UNIX domain sockets will be read.
You need to be careful with what you give as filename when using --read-special,
e.g. if you give /dev/zero, your backup will never terminate.
The given files' metadata is saved as it would be saved without --read-special
(e.g. its name, its size [might be 0], its mode, etc.) - but additionally, also
the content read from it will be saved for it.
Restoring such files' content is currently only supported one at a time via --stdout
option (and you have to redirect stdout to where ever it shall go, maybe directly
into an existing device file of your choice or indirectly via dd).
Example
~~~~~~~
Imagine you have made some snapshots of logical volumes (LVs) you want to backup.
Note: For some scenarios, this is a good method to get "crash-like" consistency
(I call it crash-like because it is the same as you would get if you just hit the
reset button or your machine would abrubtly and completely crash).
This is better than no consistency at all and a good method for some use cases,
but likely not good enough if you have databases running.
Then you create a backup archive of all these snapshots. The backup process will
see a "frozen" state of the logical volumes, while the processes working in the
original volumes continue changing the data stored there.
You also add the output of `lvdisplay` to your backup, so you can see the LV sizes
in case you ever need to recreate and restore them.
After the backup has completed, you remove the snapshots again.
::
$ # create snapshots here
$ lvdisplay > lvdisplay.txt
$ borg create --read-special /mnt/backup::repo lvdisplay.txt /dev/vg0/*-snapshot
$ # remove snapshots here
Now, let's see how to restore some LVs from such a backup.
$ borg extract /mnt/backup::repo lvdisplay.txt
$ # create empty LVs with correct sizes here (look into lvdisplay.txt).
$ # we assume that you created an empty root and home LV and overwrite it now:
$ borg extract --stdout /mnt/backup::repo dev/vg0/root-snapshot > /dev/vg0/root
$ borg extract --stdout /mnt/backup::repo dev/vg0/home-snapshot > /dev/vg0/home
|