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href="/sdk/showcase">Showcase</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_gTbr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_OVgt"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Using OpenBB SDK</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Intros</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Technical Analysis</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_bxCs"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Technical Analysis</h1></header><p>The Technical Analysis module is a toolkit for analyzing time-series data, at any resolution. The functions are a collection of formulas that fit into broad categories, and they are mostly derived from the pandas_ta library:</p><ul><li>Momentum</li><li>Overlap (Moving Averages)</li><li>Trend</li><li>Volatility</li><li>Volume</li><li>Other (Fibonacci)</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="how-to-use">How to Use<a class="hash-link" href="#how-to-use" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h2><p>Every SDK function also has a secondary <code>_chart</code> command. The table below is a brief description of each SDK function within the <code>ta</code> module; for simplicity, <code>_chart</code> has been omitted. Technical Analysis functions specific to stocks are included as a sub-module, <code>openbb.stocks.ta</code>.</p><table><thead><tr><th align="left">Path</th><th align="center">Category</th><th align="right">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ad</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">Accumulation/Distribution Line</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.adosc</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">Chaikin Oscillator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.adx</td><td align="center">Trend</td><td align="right">Average Directional Movement Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.aroon</td><td align="center">Trend</td><td align="right">Aroon Indicator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.atr</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Average True Range</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.bbands</td><td align="center">Voaltility</td><td align="right">Bollinger Bands</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.cci</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Commodity Channel Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.cg</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Center of Gravity</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.clenow</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Clenow Volatility Adjusted Momentum</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.demark</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Tom Demark's Sequential Indicator (Unofficial)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.donchian</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Donchian Channels</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ema</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Exponential Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.fib</td><td align="center">Other</td><td align="right">Fibonacci Retracement</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.fisher</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Fisher Transform</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.hma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Hull Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.kc</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Keltner Channels</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Moving Averages (For Charting)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.macd</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Moving Average Convergence/Divergence</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.obv</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">On-Balance Volume</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.rsi</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Relative Strength Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.sma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Simple Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.stoch</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Stochastic Oscillator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.vwap</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Volume-Weighted Average Price</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.wma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Weighted Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.zlma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Zero-Lag Moving Average</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The syntax for the data argument can be:</p><ul><li><p><code>data = ohlcv_df</code></p><p>Where functions only require a single column, <code>data = ohlcv_df['Adj Close']</code></p></li><li><p><code>data = openbb.stocks.load("ticker")</code></p><p>Target intraday by adding the <code>interval</code> argument to the <code>load</code> syntax.</p></li></ul><p>Best practice is to deploy the first method because the latter will work only with the commands requiring OHLC+V data as inputs. An error message will be returned if this is the case.</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code style="white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere" class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">obv</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'QQQ'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><table><thead><tr><th align="left">date</th><th align="right">OBV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">2019-11-15 00:00:00</td><td align="right">1.84279e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-18 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3.67938e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-19 00:00:00</td><td align="right">5.37171e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-20 00:00:00</td><td align="right">1.70881e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-15 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.09017e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-16 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.57876e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-17 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-2.13339e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-18 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.59987e+08</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The error message:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code style="white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere" class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">rsi</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'QQQ'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><div class="language-console codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-console codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">Please send a series and not a DataFrame.</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="_chart">_chart<a class="hash-link" href="#_chart" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>To display the chart, instead of raw data, add <code>_chart</code> to the syntax before the (<code>arguments</code>).</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code style="white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere" class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">obv_chart</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'QQQ'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'2022-11-18'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> interval </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> prepost </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889106-4caa882b-5e29-41a8-8cd2-b2a2a01d1fca.png" alt="openbb.ta.obv_chart" title="openbb.ta.obv_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="examples">Examples<a class="hash-link" href="#examples" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="import-statements">Import Statements<a class="hash-link" href="#import-statements" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>The examples here assume that this code block is at the top of the Python script of Notebook file:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">import</span><span class="token plain"> pandas </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">as</span><span class="token plain"> pd</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">from</span><span class="token plain"> openbb_terminal</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">sdk </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">import</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(106, 153, 85)"># %matplotlib inline (uncomment for Jupyter environments)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="ma-moving-averages">MA (Moving Averages)<a class="hash-link" href="#ma-moving-averages" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>The different types of moving averages, which also are individual functions (e.g., <code>openbb.ta.ema</code>), are available as an argument (<code>ma_type</code>) to the <code>ma</code> command. There are five accepted arguments, they are listed below in brackets:</p><ul><li>Simple (SMA)</li><li>Exponential (EMA)</li><li>Hull (HMA)</li><li>Weighted (WMA)</li><li>Zero-Lag (ZLMA)</li></ul><p>The <code>window</code> argument anticipates a list of integers representing the interval (minutes, days, weeks, months, etc.) to measure against the timestamp of the DataFrame's index. The example below is a daily timeseries of S&P E-Mini Futures:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">es </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">"ES=F"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ma_chart</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> es</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'Adj Close'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> symbol </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'E-Mini S&P Futures'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> ma_type </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'SMA'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> window </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">[</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">21</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">150</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889200-c6a3e895-f49d-4348-8635-68dd1456340d.png" alt="openbb.ta.ma_chart" title="openbb.ta.ma_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>Changing, <code>ma_type</code>, to, <code>ZLMA</code>:</p><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889214-359d5d37-f8c0-49e0-9dd9-70afe970ae5f.png" alt="openbb.ta.ma_chart" title="openbb.ta.ma_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="atr-average-true-range">ATR (Average True Range)<a class="hash-link" href="#atr-average-true-range" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>The <code>atr</code> command requires OHLC data, the data argument can be the <code>load</code> function.</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">ticker </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'ES=F'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">start </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'2000-01-01'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">df_atr </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">atr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f"</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">ticker</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f"</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">start</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> monthly </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> window </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">6</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">df_atr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">tail</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><table><thead><tr><th align="left">date</th><th align="right">ATRe_6</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">2022-07-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">454.457</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-08-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">431.612</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-09-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">469.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-10-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">455.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">424.5</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="donchian">Donchian<a class="hash-link" href="#donchian" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>To use the same data for multiple functions, it is more efficient to first load to a Pandas DataFrame:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">ticker </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">'ES=F'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">start </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span |